Adiabatic broadband and band selective 2D gradient enhanced HSQC and HMBC measurements were performed making use of conventional CHEMPACK 4. 0 pulse se quences implemented by K. Krishnamurthy in Varian VnmrJ2. 1B application. The variety and nature of unsaturations inside the novel compounds were investigated by standard hydrogenation procedures of crude Cr. modiglianii extracts employing hydro gen and palladium on carbon and rhodium on carbon as catalysts in methanol. Also, the doable occurrence of triple bonds was checked by hydrogenation working with Lindlars catalyst in methanol. To find out the presence of major and or secondary alcohols, extracts had been handled with MSTFA to obtain trimethylsilyl derivatives or with acetic anhydride pyridine to get the corresponding acetates by normal micro derivatization procedures. Behavioural experiments So as to disentangle unique sources of recognition cues, we confronted the ants with 4 various kinds of cues.
freshly killed workers, their cuticular extracts, a non polar as well as a polar fraction of cuticular extracts. Extracts and fractions were presented on dead, thoroughly solvent washed ants, In every single check series, we measured whether the observed ants distinguished amongst intra and allocolonial cues with the respective partner species, The exper iments Tariquidar dissolve solubility were carried out applying a Cr. modiglianii colony and Ca. rufifemur cues, and vice versa. The likely aggression decreasing result from the crematoenones was in addition examined making use of a Ca. rufifemur colony and ex tracts of Crematogaster difformis and Crematogaster coriaria. Surface extracts for that behavioural assays had been obtained by immersing 50 freeze killed ants in hexane for 10 minutes.
Non polar and polar fractions of these ex tracts had been eluted with distilled hexane, followed by chloro kind, working with conditioned SiOH columns, GC MS ana lyses confirmed that the hexane fractions contained only hydrocarbons while the chloroform fractions selleck chemicals kinase inhibitor contained solely the novel compounds. The chloroform in the polar fraction was evaporated, as well as fractions had been reconstituted in hexane. As dummies we utilized intracolonial bodies of Cr. modiglianii or Ca. rufifemur that had been extracted with 4 ml hexane, 4 ml chloroform, four ml chloro kind, and 4 ml hexane for ten min every. Every single dummy was handled with an extract quantity equivalent to five individ uals. This amount was chosen to account for possible substance losses for the duration of extraction and fractionation. the quantity had efficiently elicited differential behavioural re actions in earlier experiments, Note that, in the crematoenone addition experiments, the same absolute quantities of hydrocarbons were transferred onto a dummy once with and after devoid of crematoenones. For that Ca. rufifemur assays, a black Ca.