Previously we showed that elective CS was associated with a 93% decreased MTCT risk in 560 women with undetectable viral loads (around half of whom were tested Sirolimus clinical trial with less sensitive assays

than those currently used) [12]. Here, we also described MTCT rates by mode of delivery, reclassified as prophylactic CS and an attempted vaginal delivery to reflect intended delivery. The possibility exists that some conditions potentially favourable for MTCT such as placental abruption, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and infection of the lower genital tract were also included in the ‘started vaginally’ group. However, prophylactic CS may be preferentially performed where there is a perceived high risk of MTCT (i.e. confounding by indication). Our findings suggest a protective effect of elective CS even at low maternal viral loads, but the study was insufficiently powered to enable any conclusions to be drawn about the benefit of intended elective CS or the risk of intended vaginal delivery in women with HIV-RNA load <50 copies/mL, who can achieve MTCT rates below 0.5%, as seen here and elsewhere [1,3,4]. A decision regarding planned mode of delivery is usually made taking into account the instituted ART and the last measured HIV RNA viral load. Emergency CS XL184 solubility dmso can be the result of a woman with a planned elective CS starting labour earlier than the planned date

or the consequence of a complication during a planned vaginal delivery. The effectiveness of elective CS in PMTCT is just one of the factors requiring consideration in decision-making; the potential risks of CS also need consideration as CS, particularly in HIV-infected women, may cause maternal morbidity in the short term [20,21,39] and in subsequent pregnancies [40]. A further factor to consider is that delivery may not take place as planned:

recent studies have shown that between 38% and 55% of women opting for a vaginal delivery have actually delivered by CS, for a variety of reasons [1,22]. Study limitations include the observational nature of the data and lack of direct information on what the planned mode of delivery was. Elective CS will not impact on MCPs where transmission has already occurred in utero, but we did not have sufficient STK38 data on early PCR tests in infected children to explore timing of transmission. In conclusion, we show that implementation of obstetric interventions for PMTCT are influenced by both evidence-based and ‘opinion-based’ medicine. Our data highlight the effectiveness of antenatal HAART in PMTCT, which has resulted in a very small number of infections in recent years and has contributed to a declining elective CS rate overall. The numbers needed to treat (i.e. the number of elective CS deliveries) to prevent a single transmission will be high taking into account the results of the present and other studies [1,3,4].