The CW-EPR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Elexsys E500 spectrometer, at X-band (9.38 GHz), and 100-kHz modulation. The temperature at 6 K was maintained with an Oxford liquid Helium continuous flow cryostat. The g-values were determined by measuring the magnetic field and the microwave frequency. The UV/Vis difference spectra were recorded at room temperature on a Shimadzu UV-2401 PC spectrophotometer using 1.0-cm light

path cells, Epacadostat mouse as described previously (Gómez-Manzo et al., 2008). Dehydrogenase activities associated with membranes and purified fractions were determined by a colorimetric method using potassium ferricyanide as the electron acceptor according to the standard method described by Matsushita et al. (1995). We previously demonstrated that in N2-fixing cultures of Ga. diazotrophicus with forced aeration and physiological acidification,

the dehydrogenase activities for glucose, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and NADH were maximally expressed (Flores-Encarnación selleck screening library et al., 1999). Accordingly, we show that under the same growth conditions, ADH is largely expressed in its active form (ADHa). Indeed, during the last purification step (Table 1, Fig. 1a), size exclusion chromatography, ADHa elutes as the major cytochrome c containing fraction. A second and comparatively small peak containing cytochrome c eluted at longer elution times. This latter peak was poorly active on ethanol, and therefore, it was named inactive ADH (ADHi). The good resolution of the two proteins indicates that there are significant

differences in their respective molecular sizes; indeed, size calibration of the column chromatography suggested that ADHa is almost threefold (330 kDa) the size showed by ADHi (120 kDa); thus, it seems that purified ADHa is an oligomeric association of three heterodimers, and therefore, the inactive ADH complex would be constituted Pregnenolone of a single heterodimer. The purification protocol used (Table 1) yielded a homogeneous ADHi complex with a purification yield of 1.2%, which is several fold lower than the 15% generally obtained during purification of its active counterpart (Gómez-Manzo et al., 2008). However, during longer culture times, the amount of ADHi associated with the membrane increased (not shown), in agreement with reports in G. suboxydans (Matsushita et al., 1995). Native PAGE of the purified ADHi and ADHa complexes (a and b in Fig. 1b, respectively) confirmed the oligomeric difference determined by size exclusion chromatography. Homogeneous protein bands with Mrs = 115 and 345 kDa for ADHi and ADHa, respectively, were obtained. Under denaturing conditions in SDS-PAGE, the purified ADHi and ADHa (c and d, in Fig. 2, respectively) were dissociated into two bands with relative molecular masses of 72 and 44 kDa for ADH-SI and ADH-SII, respectively. Thus, the basic heterodimer units of the active and inactive ADH complexes of Ga. diazotrophicus have the same subunit structure.