Chattonella species (Raphidophyceae), marine protists, are prevalent in coastal waters. The formation of noxious blooms by certain microalgae species is known to be extremely damaging to finfish in aquaculture, resulting in large-scale mortality events. Chattonella blooms have been observed in the Johor Strait, Malaysia, since the 1980s. During this study, two Chattonella strains were isolated from the strait, and the examination of their morphology displayed traits matching those of Chattonella subsalsa. By means of molecular characterization, the species' identity was further confirmed as C. subsalsa. The environment was examined for the presence of C. subsalsa cells using a developed whole-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. The nucleotide sequences of the large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were employed for the in silico design of species-specific oligonucleotide probes. BMS202 research buy Following assessment of hybridization efficiency and probe parameters, the candidate signature regions within LSU-rRNA and ITS2-rDNA were deemed the superior selections. Synthesized biotinylated probes were tested using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with tyramide signal amplification. Target cell-specific binding of the probes was confirmed by the observed results. The potential for the FISH-TSA method in harmful algal detection within environmental monitoring programs is substantial.

Inflammation and oxidative stress have been scientifically proven to be instrumental in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies investigated the antioxidant activity of Ethulia conyzoides, which was apparent in laboratory tests. The potential antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions of the residual aqueous extract of Ethulia conyzoides were assessed in male Wistar rats with induced type 2 diabetes, through in-vivo experiments. Over 21 days, sub-acute antidiabetic studies were carried out using varying doses of the residual aqueous fraction (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight). Upon completion of the treatment, the levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, and in vivo antioxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), were measured. Rats exposed to differing concentrations of the residual aqueous fraction exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.005) decline in blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1, and TNF levels, coupled with a statistically significant (p < 0.005) elevation in SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase, and insulin levels when contrasted with the diabetic control group. Subsequently, the 400 mg/kg dosage concentration of body weight proved to be the most potent. This result signifies that the residual aqueous extract of Ethulia conyzoides demonstrates substantial antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions.

An examination of water quality parameters is vital for assessing the safety of water and nutrient levels for fish and freshwater prawn populations within the Nyatuh River, Terengganu, Malaysia. To analyze the interplay between water quality parameters, nutrient content, and Macrobrachium rosenbergii populations in the Nyatuh River basin, Setiu, Terengganu, a comprehensive study was undertaken given the river's importance. During the study, the assessment of water quality parameters was performed at four expeditions, each consisting of five stations situated at various tidal conditions. The data obtained displayed temperature variability from 2656°C to 2930°C, dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuations from 359 mg/L to 650 mg/L, pH values spanning 499 to 701, salinity levels between 0.01 ppt and 422 ppt, and depths ranging from 271 meters to 554 meters. Ammonia (0.01 mg/L to 0.24 mg/L), nitrite (0.01 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L), and phosphate (0.01 mg/L to 0.12 mg/L) levels were also quantified. The prawn catches of Expeditions 1, 2, 4, and 3 were 176, 160, 102, and 68, respectively. This data represents a detailed analysis. Possible factors contributing to the disparity in the number of prawns caught include the substantial difference in water level depths between high and low tides, and the fluctuation of ammonia concentrations at each sampling station and expedition. Upon statistical examination, there was no noteworthy variation in temperature amongst the expedition, stations, and tidal measurements. The values are p = 0.280, p > 0.005, and F = 1206, respectively. No meaningful alteration was observed in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations; this finding was supported by a p-value of 0.714, which was greater than 0.05, and an F-statistic of 0.737. The expedition, station, and tidal measurements demonstrated a substantial disparity in water depth, as indicated by the statistically significant findings (p = 0.000, p = 0.005, F = 1255, respectively). containment of biohazards A larger prawn population flourished in Expedition 1, attributable to the favorable water quality parameter and extremely low ammonia concentration when compared to other expeditions. The prawn catch displays significant variability in its distribution across sampling sites, a consequence of substantial variations in water depth and water quality, which includes fluctuations in ammonia levels. In summary, the Nyatuh River's water quality varied considerably from one expedition to another, from one station to another, and with each change in tide, additionally showcasing significant disparities in water level between high and low tides. The burgeoning importance of industrial and aquaculture operations in the riverine environment necessitates a heightened focus on preventing the adverse consequences of excessive pollution for the sake of the ecosystem.

Dietary practices have a significant influence on both reproductive health and male fertility. Malaysia has, in the recent years, exhibited pronounced interest in the use of herbal plants as dietary supplements and in the treatment of a multitude of diseases. Aquilaria malaccensis, better known as karas or gaharu, has recently come under the spotlight for its prospective therapeutic capabilities, a testament to its significant pharmacological attributes. Although, its effect on male fertility and reproductive organs is a topic that has been investigated only to a small degree. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of A. malaccensis on the weights of male reproductive organs (testis, epididymis, prostate gland, and seminal vesicle) and sperm characteristics (count, morphology, and motility) in adult Sprague Dawley rats. Employing a treatment allocation strategy, 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were grouped into four treatment arms: Control (receiving 1 mL distilled water, n = 6), Treatment 1 (receiving 1 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6), Treatment 2 (receiving 2 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6), and Treatment 3 (receiving 3 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6). For 28 days, distilled water and A. malaccensis were administered orally once daily by gavage. The weight of the rats' reproductive organs and sperm quality were examined after the rats were euthanized on Day 29. A statistical comparison (p > 0.05) of the weights of the testis, epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and the sperm motility exhibited no disparity between control and treated groups. T1 exhibited a substantial elevation (p<0.005), with a percentage of 817%. After considering all the data, the administration of 1, 2, or 3 grams of A. malaccensis produced no change in the weight of reproductive organs or sperm motility rates. Conversely, a more concentrated level of A. malaccensis consumed by the rats resulted in an adverse impact on sperm cell count and morphology.

The research examined the potential of a blended culture of Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. megaterium to counteract acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) or Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, using it as a representative model. The tanks containing infected shrimp with Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND were allocated different feeding regimens, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, or a mix of all the Bacillus strains. A mixed Bacillus culture diet significantly boosted the survival rate of infected shrimps, revealing a lower percentage (5714%) of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND strain detection by PCR, with a restricted live cell count in the hepatopancreas. antibiotic-loaded bone cement Shrimp fed Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, or Bacillus megaterium, following infection, displayed uniform distribution of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND strain in all tissues, with PCR detection (86.67%-100%), and a substantially large viable count (353-424 x 10³ CFU/g). Research demonstrated that co-culturing Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. megaterium effectively curtailed Vibrio parahaemolyticus proliferation within white shrimp, particularly within the hepatopancreatic tissue, a primary target of AHPND. Vannamei shrimp are a significant subject for study. This investigation's findings elucidated the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of a mixed culture of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus megaterium in mitigating the virulence of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), thereby bolstering the use of this mixed culture in shrimp aquaculture for disease prevention, obviating the need for chemical and antibiotic treatments as a biological control method.

Infestations of the bagworm Metisa plana are a major concern within Malaysia's oil palm plantations, leading to substantial financial losses. The microbial profile of the bagworm has not yet been the subject of any research. Insight into the biology of the pest, particularly the bacterial community structure, is vital, as bacteria frequently found in association with insects often benefit the host insect, thus improving its chances of survival. 16S amplicon sequencing was utilized to profile the bacterial community present in M. plana. Furthermore, two comparative analyses were conducted, scrutinizing the bacterial communities in larvae from both early and late instar stages within the outbreak region; and comparing the bacterial communities of late instar larvae from areas unaffected by outbreaks to those in outbreak regions.