, 1998; Jangchud & Chinnan, 1999). However, soy protein films became more resistant as the air temperature was increased up to 70 °C, when using higher RH ( Denavi et al., 2009). Here, the flour films plasticized with sorbitol exhibit larger TS values and lower E values than the films plasticized with glycerol, for all the drying conditions ( Tables 1 and 2). Tapia-Blácido et al. (2011) also verified that the flour film plasticized with sorbitol is more resistant to break and less flexible than the

film plasticized with glycerol. According to these authors, compared with sorbitol, glycerol is a more powerful plasticizer. This is because glycerol has smaller molecular mass (glycerol 92 mol g−1 and sorbitol 182 mol g−1), which makes it a more effective plasticizer for many edible films. Young’s modulus exhibits the same behavior as the TS as a function of T and RH (figure not shown). The larger YM values for films plasticized selleck compound with sorbitol are obtained at higher drying rates, so a different behavior is detected for the films plasticized with

glycerol. In the latter case, intermediate temperatures and a wide range of relative humidity give higher YM values. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the linear, quadratic, and interaction parameters are statistically significant (p < 0.05). Therefore, these parameters were considered in the second-order model for the solubility (equations (12) and (13)). Because the F values were greater than Dasatinib cost the listed values, the models can be considered predictive. For glycerol: equation(12)

S=55.99−3.07X1−3.59X12−6.41X2−9.69X22−4.35X1X2(R2=0.87) For sorbitol: equation(13) S=47.35−7.59X2+2.16X12−7.33X22+5.10X1X2(R2=0.90) The solubility (S) response surface obtained for flour films plasticized with glycerol contains a maximum region ( Fig. 4a), which does not occur for the films plasticized with sorbitol ( Fig. 4b). The maximum solubility of the flour film plasticized with glycerol can be verified at T ranging from 30 to 40 °C and RH from 45 to 60%, so intermediate drying rates yield more soluble flour films. On the other hand, the solubility of flour films plasticized with sorbitol increases almost Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase in the full range of the RH when the films are dried at temperatures below 30 °C. However, at high T values (>40 °C), the solubility decreases when the RH values range from 33.8 to 40%, and from 70 to 76.2%. Thus, high drying rates as well as intermediate drying rates allow for the formation of films with low solubility. It can be assumed that these drying conditions promote hydrophobic interactions between lipid and proteins, as well as protein–protein and starch–starch interactions, with homogenous distribution of these interactions within the film matrix. All these interactions can culminate in lower solubility of the amaranth flour film.