, 1997). The coherence and phase values in the flattened representation were blurred by convolving a Gaussian kernel (1.7 mm full width at half height) with the complex vector representation of the BOLD response. The blurred phase values that exceeded a coherence threshold that corresponded to p < 0.001 (Silver et al., 2005) were then plotted on the BMS-387032 nmr flattened representation of the occipital lobe in false color. To assess the correlation of the hemifield maps, the significance of the differences of the z-transformed correlation coefficients (Berens, 2009)

from 0 were determined with Student’s t test. We measured SCH772984 chemical structure responses to drifting bar apertures at various orientations (Dumoulin and Wandell, 2008); these bar apertures exposed a checkerboard pattern (100% contrast). The bar width subtended one-fourth of the stimulus radius. Four bar orientations and two different motion directions for each bar were used, giving a total of eight different bar configurations within a given scan. Note that the bars were not “phase-encoded” stimuli; there was no repetition of the stimulus because the bars change orientation and motion direction within a scan. The visual stimuli were generated in the Matlab programming

environment using the PsychToobox (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997) on a Macintosh G4 Powerbook. Stimuli were displayed with an LCD projector (Stanford: NEC LT158, Magdeburg: DLA-G150CL, JVC Ltd.) with optics that

imaged the stimuli onto a projection screen in the bore of the magnet. The stimulus radius ADP ribosylation factor was 7.5 deg (Magdeburg setup for AC1) and 14 deg (Stanford setup for AC2) of visual angle. The subjects viewed the display through an angled mirror. Fixation was monitored during the scans with an MR-compatible eye tracker (Magdeburg: Kanowski et al., 2007; Stanford: MagConcept, Redwood City, USA). At Stanford University, magnetic resonance images were acquired with a 3T General Electric Signa scanner and a custom-designed surface coil (Nova Medical, Wilmington, MA) centered over the subject’s occipital pole. Foam padding and tape minimized head motion. Functional MR images (TR 1.5 s; TE 30 ms, flip angle 55 deg) were acquired using a self-navigated spiral-trajectory pulse sequence (Glover, 1999; Glover and Lai, 1998) with 20 slices oriented orthogonal to the Calcarine sulcus with no slice gap. The effective voxel size was 2.5 × 2.5 × 3 mm3 (FOV = 240 × 240 mm). Functional scans measured at 138 time frames (3.5 min). Eight functional scans were performed in each session.