46 (0.33�C6.45) ��1 NAT2 Slow allele(s) 0.71 (0.13�C3.87) 5||7 3.19 (0.84�C12.10) 67||21 0.33 (0.05�C2.24) 2.06 (0.45�C 9.42) P-value for interaction 0.1445 View it in a separate window Notes: aAssociations were determined using multivariate logistic find more info regression models to estimate the risk of developing PCa using Inheritance of two NAT2 rapid alleles and non-smokers as the referent category; bRisk estimates adjusted for age and West African Ancestry, modeled as continuous variables; cThe analysis was restricted to study participants who had available smoking and N-acetyltransferase genotype status analysis. Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr. Rick Kittles for the contribution of DNA samples for this study.

This work was partially supported by JGBCC Pilot Project Initiative Grant to LRK, and the JGBCC Bucks for Brains ��Our Highest Potential�� in Cancer Research Endowment to LRK, National Cancer Institute/ National Institute of Health grant (R03 CA128028, 3R01 CA034627-19S) to LRK, and the National Institute of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grants P30-ES014443 to GNB. The authors appreciate access to the CGeMM DNA Core Facility at UofL, directed by Dr. Ron Gregg, for the use of their high-throughput genotyping facility. Footnotes Disclosures This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors. This paper is unique and not under consideration by any other publication and has not been published elsewhere. The authors and peer reviewers report no conflicts of interest. The authors confirm that they have permission to reproduce any copyrighted material.

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant tumour of the skeleton characterized by the direct formation of immature bone or osteoid tissue by the tumor cells1 (Fig. 1). More rarely osteosarcoma may arise in the soft tissue.2 World Health Organization (WHO) histologic classification of bone tumors divides osteosarcoma into central and surface tumors, and recognizes a number of subtypes within each group. Classic osteosarcoma represents approximately 15% of all biopsy-analysed primary bone tumors. Among primary malignant bone tumors, osteosarcoma ranks second in frequency after multiple myelomas. The incidence of classic osteosarcoma is 3 cases/million population/year. It represents 0.2% of all malignant tumors.

Further reduction in the mortality will require successful strategies for the early detection and screening of osteosarcoma. Figure 1. Photograph of osteosarcoma after surgical removal. Continuing advances in tumor angiogenesis have opened up new potential methods to help determine the prognosis and prediction of response in many solid tumor types, including osteosarcoma. Traditionally, the stage of the disease at clinical presentation and patient characteristics (ie, performance status, symptom severity, age and tumor Batimastat size) were the major determinants of disease prognosis and treatment strategy.