A concordance between the two methods was found in only 71.2%, because of the frequent detection of heteroresistance by real-time PCR. The infection was cured in 55.5% of patients harboring a clarithromycin-resistant strain by Etest (92.4% if susceptible) versus 70.9% of those with a clarithromycin-resistant strain by real-time PCR (94.5% if susceptible). The interest in microbiota of different organs is increasing and, as a result, 16S rRNA molecular profiling was applied to the stomach.

Eight bacterial phyla, including 133 phylotypes, Romidepsin research buy were identified, with a higher abundance of Firmicutes and Streptococcus genus among the Firmicutes, in patients with gastritis compared to controls [24]. PCR can also be applied to stools as a noninvasive method to detect H. pylori. Indeed, a commercially available real-time PCR based on 23S rDNA was used by Vécsei et al. to detect both H. pylori and its clarithromycin susceptibility in 143 children. The results of sensitivity and specificity for H. pylori were 83.8 and 98.4% and for clarithromycin resistance 89.2 and 100%, respectively [25]. In another study, the aim was to detect Helicobacter DNA in stools by a group-specific

PCR. Of 100 patients, 22 showed H. pylori DNA, while only 15 patients had a positive H. pylori serology, without a good correlation between the two. Thirteen others Selleckchem Opaganib appeared to harbor Helicobacter species other than H. pylori in the colon [26]. Typing.  Besides the now common determination of pathovars by the detection

of cagA, vacA, s, and m polymorphism and also iceA and oipA [27–29], vacA i was tested as well [30]. However, the novelty concerned the detection of EPIYA tyrosine phosphorylation motifs in the CagA protein carried out in different studies. The presence of various numbers of EPIYA motifs has been proposed to be linked to the pathogenicity of the strains in adults. In Colombia, 67 strains studied were all Western type (C) with 1, 2, or 3 EPIYA-C motifs. Strains with one EPIYA-C motif were associated with less severe diseases (p < .001) [31]. In Malaysia, 126 strains from different ethnic groups were studied. Almost all of the Indians carried strains with EPIYA-C motifs, MCE公司 and almost all of the Chinese harbored strains with EPIYA-D (East Asian type) motifs, while in Malays both EPIYA-C (61.5%) and EPIYA-D (38.5%) motifs were found. The phenomenon of distinct strains circulating among different ethnic groups may partially explain the rate of gastric cancer development in Malaysia [32]. In Greece, strains from 98 children were studied. The EPIYA-C motif with a maximum of 2C was found [33]. A new PCR amplification and sequencing strategy was developed by Monstein et al. for rapid molecular typing of CagA EPIYA motifs.