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“Behavioral studies have demonstrated that both medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and cerebellum play critical roles in trace eyeblink conditioning. However, little is known regarding the mechanism by which the two brain regions interact. By use of electrical stimulation of the caudal mPFC as a conditioned stimulus, we show evidence that persistent outputs from the mPFC to cerebellum are necessary and sufficient for the acquisition

and expression of a trace conditioned response (CR)-like response. Specifically, the persistent outputs of caudal mPFC are relayed to the cerebellum via the rostral part of lateral pontine nuclei. Moreover, interfering with persistent activity by blockade of the muscarinic Ach receptor in the caudal mPFC impairs the expression of learned trace CRs. These results suggest an important way for the caudal mPFC to interact with the cerebellum during associative motor learning.”
“Objective: Seasonality of preterm birth has been noted,

although not conclusively studied. Weather is also thought to play a role. We sought preterm birth seasonality and additionally studied the effect of weather parameters in the preterm birth pattern. Methods: Vital statistics from the Hellenic Statistical Authority were retrieved, covering the years from 1980 to 2008. Additionally, weather data were retrieved for the years of the study. Time series analysis was used to create various statistical models that would be compared to each other for their accuracy to predict preterm birth. LY2835219 price Factors used in the modeling included month of birth, gender and weather factors. Results: Preterm birth seasonality was exhibited. Two peaks of higher risk of preterm birth were noted: One during summer and one during winter. Males were more influenced by seasonality and exhibited slightly different seasonal patterns than females, although no higher risk for MK-0518 cell line preterm birth was noted. The best model that described seasonal pattern of preterm birth was the one that included meteorological

factors. Notably, extreme (hotter or colder) weather was accompanied by an increase in preterm birth. Conclusions: Evidence for seasonality of preterm birth was shown and extreme weather was associated with a higher incidence of it.”
“Background: Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) share important pathogenic and clinical features. BMPR2 mutations are important in the pathogenesis of IPAH, but little is known about the genetic background in CTEPH. Objective: To search for mutations and polymorphisms in genes involved in the BMPR2, serotonin and nitric oxide pathways possibly associated with pulmonary and cardiac disorders in IPAH and CTEPH.