Filling of the pores of the photonic crystal at this tilted position resulted in a shift towards higher wavelength (e.g., at 818 nm). The shift of the central wavelength selleck kinase inhibitor due to pore-filling is 120 nm for all applied tilting angles, i.e., the gradient of the central wavelength shift due to tilting is the same for the empty and pore-filled photonic crystal as shown in Figure 7.

RXDX-101 mw However, in the case of the pore-filling the reflectance intensity of the central wavelength decreased at the shifted wavelength position as the photonic crystal was optimized for air but not for the pore-filled state. Altogether, the dual tunability provided tuning of the central wavelength in both directions of the measured spectrum approximately 20% around the central wavelength. Figure 7 Measured shift of the central wavelength in case of tilting and pore-filling. System concept A concept of miniaturized MOEMS system with the integration of both tuning principles has been developed. The tilting angle of photonic crystals is limited by the phenomenon of total internal reflection; therefore, angles up to 20° to 40° are required from the system. For a miniaturized actuation system, this tilting range is challenging. Various actuation principles for tilting such as electrostatic, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, and thermoelectric have been evaluated.

Whereas electrostatic actuation with parallel MEK inhibitor charged capacitor plates for rotation is only feasible for small tilting Tau-protein kinase angles, e.g., in milliradian range [15], electrostatic actuation using comb drives and electromagnetic actuator principles have been selected for further study. FEM simulations, analytical calculations, and fabrication process considerations have been performed (to be published separately). Based on the simulation, comb drive-based electrostatic actuation of 20° tilt angle will require around 70 V. On the other hand for the given demands, electromagnetic actuation has the capability for even larger tilt angles especially when using optimized square-shaped torsional beams for suspension of

the porous Si photonic crystal. Additionally, fabrication is less complex. The concept of electromagnetic actuation is shown in Figure 8: an electromagnetically actuated photonic crystal reflector suspended by square-shaped torsional beams can provide tilt angles of up to ±20° at frequencies up to kHz even when using one metal layer only (electroplated 10-μm-thick Cu). Here the maximal possible current density in Cu lines and an outer magnetic field of 2 T were considered. A free-standing silicon plate with integrated porous silicon layers necessary for realization of this concept has been demonstrated before using a SOI process [16]. In the final optical setup, the system is placed in a closed chamber with input and output orifices for gas or liquid and optical input/output fibers.