Forward and reverse oligonucleotide primers for each upstream intergenic region of the cluster were used to PCR amplify regions from the first strand cDNA to create second strand cDNA. In some instances, sequencing was used to confirm the correct amplification of second strand cDNA, either by direct sequencing of PCR products or by sequencing of TOPO TA cloning vectors (Invitrogen) containing the intergenic region. All RG7112 cell line cDNA PCR products were visualized on agarose gels. Use of promoter prediction and β-galactosidase reporter gene assays to search for promoter

activity Each intergenic region upstream of the genes in the jamaicamide pathway was examined for conserved binding regions (in comparison to the σ70 E. coli consensus promoter) using the BPROM predictor (http://​www.​softberry.​com;

Table 1). The upstream (up-) regions of genes predicted to contain a promoter (jamA, jamB, jamC, jamD, jamG, jamI, jamN, and jamQ) were amplified with specific primers Vistusertib in vivo (Additional file 1: Table S1) from fosmids produced previously [6]. Each upstream section was individually cloned into the pBLUE TOPO vector (Invitrogen) and transformed into TOP-10 E. coli. Plasmid purification (Qiagen) and sequencing (Seqxcel, Inc., La Jolla, CA) were used to confirm the sequence and direction of the inserts. Verified clones were used to measure NVP-BSK805 research buy relative promoter activity using the β-galactosidase reporter gene assay (Invitrogen), standardized against total soluble protein content as measured by BCA assay (Pierce). For this protocol, colonies from freshly streaked selective (100 μg ml-1 ampicillin) plates were grown overnight in LB media (5 ml). Cultures were pelleted at 4000 RPM, and the pellets were washed once with 3 ml of chilled PBS. After an additional centrifugation step, the pellets were resuspended in 1 ml PBS. The tube contents were centrifuged at 14,000 RPM for 5 min, and subsequently resuspended in 110 μl lysis buffer (0.25 mM Tris, pH 8.0). The cells were lysed Isoconazole by freeze-thawing the suspensions 4 times with dry ice and a 37°C water bath, followed by another centrifugation

period. The supernatant was removed from each tube for use in the β-galactosidase and BCA assays in a 96 well plate. O-nitrophenol measurements from ONPG cleavage in the assay were taken at 420 nm, while BCA readings were taken at 570 nm (Thermo-Electron Multiskan Ascent plate reader). Serial dilutions of lysis buffer from each culture were made to find an optimal range for colorimetric detection of o-nitrophenol and for a comparison of relative activity (identified as a 3-fold dilution). Relative activity calculations were made by determining the average nmol ONPG hydrolyzed min-1 mg soluble protein-1 value for each vector insert and dividing each value by the highest overall average value to obtain a percentage.