Furthermore, we used glutathione S-transferase pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation,

and selleck kinase inhibitor confocal microscopy to demonstrate that SOX1 could interact with β-catenin but not with the β-catenin/TCF complex. Moreover, restoration of the expression of SOX1 induces significant cellular senescence in Hep3B cells. Conclusion: Our data show that a developmental gene, SOX1, may function as a tumor suppressor by interfering with Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the development of HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:2142–2153) The incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been increasing rapidly worldwide in recent decades.1 The risk factors associated with hepatocarcinogenesis are numerous and include chronic hepatitis B or C viral infection, alcohol, aflatoxin B1, and others. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the

development of HCC remain unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) through promoter hypermethylation find more plays an essential role in carcinogenesis.2, 3 Furthermore, methylation profiles have been used as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and screening in HCC.4 Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanisms of the inactivation of TSGs involved in HCC development could improve the treatment of HCC in the future. The Wnt signaling pathway is comprehensively involved in cell differentiation, embryonic patterning, proliferation, and adult homeostasis.5 Stabilized β-catenin through nuclear translocation forms a complex with T cell factor/lymphocyte-enhanced factor (TCF/LEF) and triggers the transcription of Wnt target genes such as c-MYC and cyclin D1.6 Abnormal activation of Wnt signaling stemming from mutations MCE公司 in β-catenin, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), or axins or downregulation of APC occurs in various human cancers.7 Moreover, increasing evidence proposes that aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in the initiation and progression

of HCC.8 In addition to mutations in the components of Wnt signaling,9 promoter hypermethylation of Wnt-antagonists such as the secreted frizzled-related protein family, Dickkopf 3 and Wnt inhibitory factor-110, 11 also contribute to abnormal activation of this signaling in HCC. SRY (sex determining region Y)-box (SOX) family proteins contain a highly conserved high-mobility group DNA binding domain12 and play a role during embryonic and postnatal development.13 Furthermore, SOX2, SOX7, SOX9, and SOX17 have been demonstrated to be tumor suppressors in different types of cancers.14-17 However, some studies have shown that SOX1, SOX2, SOX3, and SOX9 possess oncogene functions.18-21 Until now, the role of the SOX family in cancer development has been unclear. Structurally related to TCF/LEFs, several members of the SOX family have been implied to repress β-catenin activity by either stimulating degradation of β-catenin or by an unknown mechanism.