IC inoculation of suckling mice is recommended by the FDA for detecting adventitious agents [33], including alphaviruses and is used to evaluate attenuation of live alphavirus vaccines [34]. In this study, IC inoculation of suckling mice with live V3526 was uniformly lethal demonstrating the sensitivity of this model to the live vaccine strain. All suckling Z-VAD-FMK molecular weight mice IC inoculated

with fV3526 survived the 14 day observation period (Table 2). The brains from these mice were passaged into a second set of mice which also survived the post-inoculation observation period. In that live V3526 is known to replicate in mouse brain [35], this second passage was used to detect infectious virus that may have been present in undetectable levels in the first set of mice and subsequently undergone replication. Since all mice survived IC inoculations with fV3526 or brain homogenates from fV3526 inoculated mice, we conclude that no detectable levels of live virus were present in the preparaton. These data are supported by the in vitro testing for inactivation whereby serial passage of fV3526 on BHK-21 cells and plaque assay on Vero cells failed to detect infectious V3526 ( Table 2). A critical component of inactivated vaccines is the retention of immunologically

relevant epitopes. Excessive modification by formalin over-inactivation may Enzalutamide molecular weight destroy important epitopes thereby reducing vaccine immunogenicity. Using an ELISA to evaluate epitope preservation, the fV3526 vaccine showed greater binding activity than untreated V3526 suggesting formalin treatment may induce slight Amisulpride conformational changes to the V3526 envelope proteins making those determinants more available for antibody binding ( Table 2). Mice

were bled 3 weeks after each vaccination for assessment of antibody titers by PRNT and ELISA. Seroconversion rates ranged from 95 to 100% in groups of mice after receiving one dose of the fV3526 formulation regardless of route of administration and 100% of mice seroconverted by both assays by Day 49 (Table 3). SC vaccination with C84 resulted in 100% seroconversion by Day 21 for both ELISA and PRN. However, it is important to note, that these mice received 2 doses of C84 (8 μg total) prior to the Day 21 test, whereas mice that received fV3526 only received one dose prior to Day 21; 0.04 μg viral protein for mice vaccinated IM and 0.2 μg viral protein for mice vaccinated SC. No differences were observed in ELISA or neutralizing antibody GMT induced by fV3526 formulations administered SC. However, following IM administration, fV3526 + CpG induced significantly higher ELISA GMT compared to fV3526 formulated with Viprovex® or Alhydrogel™ (p < 0.05). ELISA GMT on day 49 post-vaccination with C84 was significantly higher than all other ELISA GMT (p < 0.01) ( Fig. 1).