Inclusion of MLST data in detailed epidemiological case-control studies and parallel extensive regional sampling schemes would greatly improve the attribution of human infections to the source and help develop specific control schemes to limit the numbers of human infections. Methods Bovine isolates A Selleck MS-275 total of 102 C. jejuni isolates from bovine rectal samples isolated in a survey

on Campylobacter spp. in Finnish cattle at slaughter in 2003 [40] were included in this study. The isolation method included an enrichment stage in Bolton broth and subcultivation on mCCDA as described by Hakkinen et al. [40]. Sampling was performed over a 12-month period, and the frequency of sampling was determined on the basis of the numbers of cattle slaughtered in each slaughterhouse to ensure that the collection of isolates would represent the bovine C. jejuni population in these slaughterhouses. The isolates originated from clinically healthy cattle from 81 farms in 5 of the 6 Finnish counties. They

were isolated in three slaughterhouses: Evofosfamide chemical structure one located in the western and two in the eastern part of Finland. Isolates were stored deep-frozen at -70°C in skimmed milk or Brucella broth with 15% glycerol. DNA Selleck Blasticidin S extraction The isolates were cultured on Brucella agar (BBL, Becton Dickinson, MD, USA) with 5% bovine, horse or sheep blood and incubated under microaerobic conditions at 37°C for 48 h. The DNA was isolated with the Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, WI, USA), diluted to 10 ng/μl and stored at -20°C. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) MLST was performed according to the method described by Dingle et al [13]. The primers and settings are described on the PubMLST website [35]. In addition, alternative primers described previously [38, 43] were used. In the event of unsuccessful PCR with the primer sets in these schemes, other primer combinations were tetracosactide chosen, and the annealing temperatures were adjusted if necessary. MultiScreen PCR plates (Millipore, MA, USA) were used to purify the PCR products. Sequencing reactions were carried out by using the BigDye terminator

v. 3.1 Ready Reaction Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems Inc., CA, USA). The Agencourt ®CleanSEQ kit (Beckman Coulter Genomics, Takeley, United Kingdom) was used for cleaning the reactions. The sequencing products were run on an ABI3130XL Genetic Analyzer or an ABI3730 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The sequences were assembled using the Staden package [44] or the assembler implemented in BioNumerics v. 5.1 software. Allele numbers, STs and CCs were assigned using the PubMLST database [35]. New alleles and STs were submitted to the database. Analysis of population structure and host assignment The Bayesian program BAPS v. 5.3 [18, 19, 21], was used to investigate the population genetic structure by clustering STs into genetically differentiated groups and evaluating them to predict the sources of human campylobacteriosis.