Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle/Clinical Characteristics We comparatively examined the abundances of learn more bacterial groups in relation to demographic factors: geographical origin, mode of delivery, dietary regimen and weaning age, and sibship size. These demographic characteristics differed between the SG and IN cohorts (Table 1), and we aimed to determine if these demographic factors would result in corresponding differences in the abundance of specific fecal associated bacterial groups. The additional file 1 details the univariate analysis of relative selleck products abundance (%) of seven bacterial group members of the infant fecal microbiota Momelotinib molecular weight in

relation to geographical

and clinical factors. (A) Geographical Origin Three bacterial groups, namely Clostridium leptum, Atopobium and Bifidobacterium, differed in abundance between the SG and IN cohorts. Linear mixed model revealed that the relative abundances of Clostridium leptum [coefficient (B): 7.758, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.063-10.453, adj p < 0.001] and Atopobium group [B: 3.526, 95%CI: 1.102 - 5.949, adj p = 0.005] were higher in IN cohort (Figure 2). Conversely, lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was observed in the IN cohort [B: -13.950, 95%CI: -26.423 - -1.476), adj p = 0.029] (Figure 2). Figure 2 Longitudinal comparison of fecal microbiota by geographical origin of subjects. Linear mixed model analysis involved adjustment Amino acid against other confounding factors (Mode of delivery, weaning age, sibling number, total breastfeeding up to 6 month, eczema and prenatal antibiotics). Indonesia cohort (IN) represented by dotted line, and Singapore cohort (SG) represented by solid line. (B) Mode of Delivery Longitudinal analyses over four time points showed that mode of delivery had the largest

effect on the abundance of four bacterial groups (Figure 3). In vaginal delivered infants, significantly higher abundance of Bacteroides-Prevotella [B: 3.016, 95%CI: 0.639 - 5.394, adj p = 0.014], Bifidobacterium [B: 16.040, 95%CI: 5.667 - 26.414, adj p = 0.003] and Atopobium group [B: 2.531, 95%CI: 0.472 -4.589, adj p = 0.017] were observed. However, lower abundance of Lactobacilli – Enterococci group [B: -3.665, 95%CI: -5.949 - -1.381, adj p = 0.002] was observed in vaginal delivered infants. Figure 3 Longitudinal comparison of fecal microbiota by mode of delivery. Linear mixed model analysis adjusted with confounding factors (Location, weaning age, sibling number, total breastfeeding up to 6 month, eczema and prenatal antibiotics). Caesarean delivery (LSCS) represented by dotted line, and vaginal delivery (V) represented by solid line.