Methods: A retrospective analysis with statistical review of 201,

Methods: A retrospective analysis with statistical review of 201,513 diabetic patients enrolled in a regional health maintenance organization in 2007 was performed. Analysis included determining the relationship between the prevalence of frozen shoulder and the following factors: HbA(1c) level,

type of diabetes treatment, duration of diabetes treatment, and presence of end-stage diabetic manifestations.

Results: There were 1150 diabetic patients with a diagnosis of frozen shoulder. There was no significant relationship between HbA(1c) level and the prevalence of frozen shoulder. Insulin-dependent patients who used or did not use oral hypoglycemics were 1.93 times more likely than non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients to have frozen shoulder, and that rate increased to 1.96 times more likely when the results were adjusted for HbA(1c) level. Patients who were taking oral hypoglycemic drugs were 1.5 times more likely to develop frozen shoulder than selleck chemicals llc those

who did not use insulin or take oral hypoglycemic drugs. Duration of diabetes was also associated with the development of frozen shoulder, after controlling for insulin use (odds ratio: 1.85 for duration of more than ten years of use compared with less than five years of use). The prevalence of end-stage diabetic manifestations was click here increased in patients with frozen shoulder as compared with those without frozen shoulder (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: Pitavastatin solubility dmso There was no association found between HbA(1c) level

and the prevalence of frozen shoulder in this diabetic population.”
“The triple probe technique has been used to study the parameters of flowing plasma plume formed by laser-blow-off (LBO) of a multicomponent LiF-C target. The advantages of triple Langmuir probe over the single probe have been discussed with regard to the present study. Our results show that triple probe is better suited for parametric measurements close to the target. The spatiotemporal evolutions of electron density and temperature were measured in different ambient environments and for various laser fluences. The angular distribution of electron density and temperature was also measured. It was found that the presence of ambient gas drastically affects the electron density and temperature of the LBO plume. Large enhancement in n(e) and T(e) at intermediate pressures (10(-2) Torr) is expected due to increase in collisional processes. On the other hand, laser fluence does not affect the observed n(e) and T(e) significantly. In vacuum, a new phenomenon, i.e., an oscillation in the trailing portion of the plasma plume at a closer distance from the target, is also reported. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3204946]“
“Background and aims: Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is regarded as a transient metabolic state leading to type-2 diabetes, and is known to predict future risk of cardiovascular disease.

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