Objective: The objective was to investigate the safety of probiotics in patients receiving nutritional support through a systematic review of case reports, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and non-randomized trials.
Design: The systematic review followed Cochrane Nepicastat solubility dmso and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations. Six electronic databases were searched, a hand search of conference proceedings and reference lists was performed, and experts were contacted. Case reports, RCTs, and nonrandomized trials of probiotic use in patients also receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition were included
in the review. Two reviewers independently screened the relevant articles and extracted the data.
Results: In total, 1966 articles were identified, of which 72 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were 20 case reports of adverse events in 32 patients, all of which PU-H71 solubility dmso were infections due to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or Saccharomyces boulardii; the risk factors included central venous catheters and disorders associated with increased bacterial translocation. There were 52 articles
reporting 53 trials in which 4131 patients received probiotics. Most trials showed either no effect or a positive effect on outcomes related to safety (eg, mortality and infections). Only 3 trials showed increased complications,
which were largely noninfectious in nature and in specific patient groups (eg, transplant and check details pancreatitis). In 2 of these trials, the probiotic was administered through a postpyloric tube.
Conclusion: Many probiotics have been used safely in patients receiving nutritional support, although some probiotic products (strains or combinations) have been shown to increase the risk of complications in specific patient groups. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 687-703.”
“P>Intracellular invasion of root cells is required for the establishment of successful endosymbioses in legumes of both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobial bacteria. In both interactions a requirement for successful entry is the activation of a common signalling pathway that includes five genes required to generate calcium oscillations and two genes required for the perception of the calcium response. Recently, it has been discovered that in Medicago truncatula, the Vapyrin (VPY) gene is essential for the establishment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we show by analyses of mutants that the same gene is also required for rhizobial colonization and nodulation. VPY encodes a protein featuring a Major Sperm Protein domain, typically featured on proteins involved in membrane trafficking and biogenesis, and a series of ankyrin repeats.