Some dogs in the Vaccine group showed an increase in titers over

Some dogs in the Vaccine group showed an increase in titers over the vaccination period, whereas no such increase was found in the Saline and Adjuvant groups (Fig.

3A). In contrast to the Leish-111f-specific antibody responses, no remarkable changes PF-01367338 research buy in pre- and post-vaccination antibody titers were found in any of the dogs when either parasite lysate antigens or the defined diagnostic antigen rK39 were used in ELISAs (data not shown). Thus, the elevated antibodies in the responding animals indicate a targeted immune response has occurred to the vaccine antigen, not a generalized response to pathogen antigens. A striking difference in antibody responses was observed when dogs in the Vaccine group were divided into two categories based on their CS values: All the dogs with CS <8 at Day 0 showed increased antibody titers to Leish-111f after vaccination, regardless of whether they received four or six injections selleck screening library of vaccine. In contrast, no increase in anti-Leish-111f antibody titer was observed after vaccination in the three dogs who had an initial CS ≥8 (the fourth dog died before Day 42, Fig. 3B). Thus, those dogs in the Vaccine group (dogs with a Day 0 CS ≥8) that did not improve clinically also failed to respond immunologically to the

vaccine. The high mortality and morbidity that we observed in dogs with untreated CVL is consistent why with earlier reports that L. infantum infection causes serious pathology in dogs and that spontaneous resolution of CVL is unusual [30]. Furthermore, we found that Glucantime treatment was not effective in many of the treated dogs, as reported [31]. In fact, failure rates of at least 45% have been reported using Glucantime alone [32]

as a result of advanced disease, relapse, or drug resistance of the parasites [33]. This is why an alternative treatment, such as immunotherapy, is urgently needed. We designed Study #1 expecting an additive, if not a synergistic, effect of chemotherapy and immunotherapy since they have different modes of action. However, the combined effect was difficult to discern probably because of the good efficacy of immunotherapy itself, making any incremental increase in Libraries chemotherapeutic efficacy difficult to detect. Since chemotherapy has been the only available treatment option, our demonstrations that immunotherapy can treat CVL with an efficacy better than that observed for chemotherapy (and without the concern that drug-resistant parasites will be generated) will open a new window for CVL control. In contrast to our present results, Gradoni et al. concluded that a Leish-111f + MPL-SE vaccine neither prevented infection nor prevented disease progression in a post-infection, pre-disease boost of immunity [25].

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

*

You may use these HTML tags and attributes: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong>