Some patients exhibit
urinary or stool incontinence, convulsive attacks and pyramidal signs, such as paraplegia, spastic gait, and positive bilateral Babinski signs. Some convulsive attacks occasionally result in status epilepticus. Hakola divided the clinical course into the following four stages: (i) latent; (ii) osseous; (iii) early neuropsychiatric; and (iv) late neuropsychiatric phases.9,27,28 However, some patients begin with psychological symptoms, and some do not have any bone symptoms.11,29 One patient underwent bone transplantation and did not experience RXDX-106 order recurrent bone cysts or psychiatric symptoms for 16 years.30 One patient had epilepsy at the age of 11 years and euphoria, loquacity, and amnesia after adolescence, and although bone findings and symptoms, such as multilocular translucency and talar SB525334 supplier fracture, were confirmed at the age of 31 years, these lesions were localized in the carpal and
tarsal bones, and the patient only experienced pain while walking 2 years after curettage and bone transplantation.31 Bone X-rays confirmed multiple translucent cystic lesions in the long bones, particularly the epiphyses. Head imaging findings confirmed ventricular enlargement and atrophy of the cerebral hemisphere, predominantly in the frontal and temporal lobes. Bilateral and symmetric calcification of the basal ganglia was also often seen. EEG showed generalized irregular slow waves and spikes. Single-photon emission computed tomography showed reduced blood flow in the bilateral frontal and temporal lobes, basal ganglia, and thalamus, and positron-emission tomography confirmed reduced glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal lobe white Integrase inhibitor matter, thalamus and basal ganglia.32–34 Yellow opaque gelatinous substances filled the medullary cavity, matching bone cystic lesions on X-rays, and inside these substances, characteristic arabesque membranocystic lesions were observed. Membranocystic lesions were broadly seen in not only bone fatty marrow, but also in systemic adipose tissues, subepicardium, mediastinum, mesentery, thymus, around the kidney and lymph nodes,
adrenal glands, testes, hepatic sinusoids, and pulmonary vascular lumina. These lesions are characteristic of NHD, but not specific. They were seen in 36 of 1000 randomly selected autopsy cases. They are also seen in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of dermal disease patients, the bone marrow of acute leukemia patients, or the adipose tissue around the adrenal glands of patients with various malignancies.35,36 Macroscopically, the brain was generally atrophied, in particular the white matter. Lateral ventricular enlargement was severe. While the thalamus and basal ganglia became generally smaller, they were better maintained when compared to the cortex or the white matter. The total volume of the cerebellum and brainstem tended to be low, but the degree of reduction was smaller when compared to the cerebrum.