Specific effects (e.g., period effects) were tested by comparing the difference in deviance between models with and without a term for the effect. Results A total of 29 489 cases of liver cancer—19 859 (67.3%) in men and 9630 (32.7%) in women—were registered, and 31 568 deaths from liver cancer were reported in Canada between 1972 and 2006. The mortality rate exceeded the incidence rate among females and also in some years among males. The annual age–adjusted incidence rate increased by 145% for men (from 2.64 per 100 000 in 1972–74 to 6.46 per 100 000 in 2004–06) and by

52% for women (from 1.46 per 100 000 in 1972–74 to 2.22 per 100 000 in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2004–06). Mortality rates showed a similar increase, with the annual age–adjusted rate increasing by 84% (from 3.28 per 100 000 in 1972–74 to 6.02 per 100 000 in 2004–06) for men and 29% (from 2.01 per 100 000 in 1972–74 to 2.59 per 100 000 in 2004–06) for women. This trend appears more kinase inhibitor Baricitinib marked among men Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical than women, especially since the early 1990s (Figure 1). Figure 1 Age-adjusted Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Incidence and Mortality Rates of Liver Cancer by Gender, 1972-2006, Canada The increase in overall incidence rates of liver cancer among men was larger than that among women, with an APC of 2.9% and 1.2%, respectively. Among the respective age groups, men aged 45–54 years experienced the most rapid increase in incidence (APC: 4.1%), while women aged 65–74 years had the highest

increase (APC: 1.7%) (Table1). The increase in mortality among men was higher than that among women (APC: 2.3% vs. 1.2%). Men aged 75–84 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical years had the most rapid increase (APC: 2.8%). Women aged 35–44 years of age had a statistically significant decrease (APC: −2.2%) over the study period, however (Table 2). Table 1 Age–specific Incidence Rate of Liver Cancer (per 100 000 population) and Annual Percent Change, Canada, 1972–1974 to 2004–2006 Table

2 Age–specific Mortality Rate of Liver Cancer (per 100 000 population) and Annual Percent Change, Canada, 1972–1974 to 2004–2006 The age-specific incidence and mortality rates by birth cohort Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were plotted in Figure 2 and ​and3.3. The incidences increased as the birth cohort advanced, with more substantial increases in later birth cohorts for both men and women (Figure 2a and ​andb).b). Drug_discovery The highest mortality rates in aged 80–84 years among men, but a decreasing mortality rate in later birth cohorts in women were observed (Figure 3a and ​andb).b). The results of fitting age-period-cohort models to the data are summarized (Table 3). The birth cohort effect was statistically significant among men and women; the period effect was statistically significant among women only. Further, selleck chemical comparison of the age-period model with the full age-period-cohort model showed an improvement, suggesting that the birth-cohort effect was stronger than the period effect among both men and women.