The input data of the algorithm include the number and depths of

layers, the IOPs of each layer, the absorption coefficient of the bottom, light conditions (zenith and azimuth solar angles, ratio of light coming from a diffuse sky) as well as the wind conditions (speed and direction) to calculate wave roughness (see Cox & Munk 1954). For each calculation a diffuse light ratio of 0.3 was used, and the atmospheric phase function was approximated by Rayleigh theory. The depth of 2000 m was chosen as being large enough to avoid any bottom-related effects; the wind speed was set at 5 m s− 1. The phase functions used as input data for our modelling where chosen to fit the buy Ion Channel Ligand Library same value of the backscattering ratio.

They are the average Petzold phase function (Mobley 1994), the Henyey-Greenstein phase function with average cosine g = 0.9185, and four Fournier-Forand phase functions. All have the same value of the backscattering ratio Protease Inhibitor Library purchase bb/b = 0.0183. Freda & Piskozub (2007) showed that the refractive index parameter n of Fournier-Forand phase functions, best fitted to measurements, can vary from less than 1.01 to about 1.25. Consequently, values of n equal to 1.01, 1.05, 1.1 and 1.2 were chosen to obtain various shapes of FF phase functions, calculated using ( Forand & Fournier 1999): equation(2) β˜cum=11−δδv1−δv+1−12sinθ/21−δv+1++1−δ180v16πδ180−1δ180v[cosθ−cos3(θ)], where v=3−μ2,u=2sinθ2,δ=u23n−12, and δ180 is δ determined for a scattering angle θ = 180 deg. Values of the second FF parameters μ, for given bb/b, were obtained from equation(3) μ=2log2bb/bδ90−1+1logδ90 where δ90 is δ determined for a scattering angle

θ = 90 deg. The input phase functions were prepared in cumulative form. But they are shown (see Figure 1) as phase functions (non-cumulative) so as to depict more details for backward angles (90–180 degrees). Because for an infinitely deep ocean, the IOP parameter controlling the light field as a function of optical depth is the single scattering albedo ω0 = b/c, we present our results as its function (unlike Figures 6 and 7 of CMLK06, which used bb/a). tetracosactide This choice of presentation was arbitrary because we limited ourselves to one backscattering ratio (one of the average Petzold functions) and therefore the only free parameter we had was the absorption coefficient a. We simply decided that b/c was a more ‘natural’ way of showing this variability than bb/a. The results are presented in Figure 2 as the ratio of the Monte Carlo calculated RSR for a given phase function to the value calculated for the average Petzold phase function. The results show that in most of the single scattering albedo domain the choice of FF functions of identical bb/b may result in a difference of up to 5% in calculated RSR values. This variability is independent of the variability between FF-modelled and measured phase functions observed in CMLK06.