The morphologies, size distribution and thermosensitive characteristics of gel particles were studied and the maximal swelling ratio and LCST (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) of gel particles increased obviously with the addition of Selleck Napabucasin SA comonomer. When the protein concentration was 250 mu g/mL, the optimized refolding conditions of denatured lysozyme with P(NIPAM-co-SA) hydrogel were that operating at the temperature of 35 degrees C and a urea concentration of 2M, in which the mass ratio of P(NIPAM-co-SA) hydrogel with 4% SA copolymerized to lysozyme was 10:1. Under the optimized conditions, the activity recovery of lysozyme increased to 76.5% assisted by P(NIPAM-co-SA) gel particles compared with 55.6% by

simple dilution. When refolding finished, the gel particles could be removed and recovered easily and the activity recovery of lysozyme was still as high as 61.5% see more after reused

for 5 batches. With the addition of different amounts of SA comonomer, the hydrophobicity of the copolymer could be varied. Then the copolymerized hydrogel inhibits protein molecules aggregation more effectively through the moderate hydrophobic interactions between copolymers and protein molecules in the course of lysozyme refolding compared with the presence of PNIPAM polymer. All results above demonstrate that the P(NIPAM-co-SA) is a cost effective additive with tunable hydrophobicity for application in the refolding of recombinant proteins expressed as inclusion bodies in vitro. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2597-2605, 2011″
“Gd-based Gd65-xRExFe20Al15 (x = 0-20, RE Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er) alloys in ribbon form have been prepared by rapid quenching technology. It is found that the Gd65-xTbxFe20Al15 ribbons are in amorphous state. However, for the Gd65-xRExFe20Al15(RE Dy, Ho, and Er) ribbons, in addition to a diffuse diffraction band, peaks from hexagonal rare-earth-rich phases are present indicating a mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases. This indicates that the heavier rare-earth elements (Dy, Ho, and Er) will decrease glass formability in the Gd-based Gd65-xRExFe20Al15 (RE Dy, Ho, and

Er) ribbons. The magnetic entropy changes of these ribbons increase with increasing the contents check details of the heavier rare-earth elements. The maximal magnetic entropy changes of the Gd45RE20Fe20Al15 (RE = Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er) ribbons are located in the range of 4.46-5.57 J/kg K under 50 kOe. Refrigerant capacity values are obtained to be about 580-720 J/kg under 50 kOe. These values are comparable to or even higher than those of Gd-based bulk metallic glass alloys. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3561447]“
“Current methods of assessing climate-induced shifts of species distributions rarely account for species interactions and usually ignore potential differences in response times of interacting taxa to climate change.