The production of c-di-GMP has

been described before [15] and [16]. Lyophilized c-di-GMP was stored at −20 °C. Immediately prior to immunization, HAC1 was admixed with the adjuvant and/or silica-NP and swirled ≥ 10 min on an overhead shaker to ensure complete mixing. Mice were immunized on days 0 and 21 with either 5 μg antigen (HAC1), single- or double-adjuvanted vaccine (5 μg HAC1/10 μg SiO2; 5 μg HAC1/7.5 μg c-di-GMP; 5 μg HAC1/10 μg SiO2/7.5 μg c-di-GMP) by intratracheal route (50 μl). For intratracheal immunization mice were tilted (∼45°) and the vaccine administered into the deep lung with subsequent insufflation with an air Verteporfin supplier bolus. A systemic control group to ensure the effectiveness of the vaccination protocol, received 1 μg HAC1 adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide (Alum) intraperitoneally (200 μl). Blood was obtained by retrobulbar sampling and sera were collected on days 0, 21, 35,

and 49 to determine HA-specific antibody response by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. On day 49, mice were sacrificed with an intraperitoneal overdosing of pentobarbital-Na (Merial, Hallbergmoos, Germany) and cutting the Vena cava inferior. BAL fluids, agarose-filled lungs, and spleens find more were sampled and used for immunoglobulin (Ig) measurements and re-stimulation assays. Collected sera were treated with a receptor-destroying enzyme (Denka Seiken, Japan).

HAI assay was performed using 0.75% turkey erythrocytes and A/California/07/09 × 179A virus (CDC #2009713114) with an initial serum dilution of 1:20 as described previously [14]. HAI endpoint titers were determined as reciprocal of the highest serum dilution causing complete HAI. Seroconversion in vaccinated animals was defined as an HAI antibody titer at a serum dilution of ≥ 1:40 [17] and [18]. HA-specific serum IgG antibodies and nasal IgG and IgA were assessed using ELISA assay, as previously Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II described [19]. Briefly, ELISA plates were coated with inactivated A/California/07/09 virus and samples of BAL or serum were tested in series of two- or four-fold dilutions. Antigen-specific IgG and IgA were detected using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG or IgA antibody (Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories Inc., PA, USA), respectively. Endpoint titers were determined as reciprocal serum dilutions that gave mean optical density (OD) values three times greater than those from pre-immune sera at a 1:100 or 1:50 dilution for IgG and IgA, respectively. Isolated splenocytes (1 × 105 cells) of vaccinated mice were incubated in 96-well round bottom plates with RPMI supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, containing 10 μg/mL HAC1 or PBS (negative control) at 37 °C for 72 h. Proliferation was measured as described before [20].