These findings suggest that curcumin might be beneficial in the p

These findings suggest that curcumin might be beneficial in the prevention of DOMS. However, one might argue that, being a mild inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 1/2 (COX1/2) [47, 48], curcumin may interfere with muscle growth. In fact, the detrimental effects of non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are known SIS3 supplier inhibitors of COXs, are an important point of concern [49]. This effect is mediated by the inhibition of COXs, and COX2 in particular, and seems typical of all agents active on these pro-inflammatory end-points. Curcumin is a poor

inhibitor of COX1/2, and its effects on the production of prostaglandins are essentially due to the inhibition of the (mPGES)-1 [50], the inducible form of the ultimate enzyme involved in the generation of the single specific prostaglandin PGE2. Inhibition of (mPGES)-1 has not been related to interference with muscle growth, that seemingly results from the global depletion of prostanoids associated to the inhibition of “uphill” enzymes involved in their generation, like COXs. Conversely, PGE2 is considered one of the markers of muscle damage induced by exercise [51]. Analgesic effect of curcumin In a previous study find more that evaluated the

analgesic efficacy of the same formulation (Meriva® 2 g, www.selleckchem.com/products/cbl0137-cbl-0137.html corresponding to curcumin 400 mg) taken as needed in patients with acute pain, curcumin had a well-defined pain-relieving effect, even greater than that of acetaminophen 500 mg, and was better tolerated than nimesulide [23]. This acute effect is probably related to the desensitization or the inhibition of a series of transient receptor potential ion channels involved in the generation of painful stimuli like TRPV1 and TRPA1 [52, 53]. In

that study, Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 the analgesic effect of curcumin lasted for approximately 4 hours, and a second dose, administered 6–12 hours after the first dose, was necessary for controlling pain in some cases [23]. In our study, Meriva® was administered at a dose of 1 g (delivering 200 mg curcumin) twice daily for four days, starting 48 hours prior to the exercise test and until 24 hours after exercise. The pain relieving effect of Meriva® could be mediated by a modulation of the inflammatory and oxidative responses to muscle injury. Muscle injury in DOMS appears to be related to inflammation and oxidative stress leading to neutrophil accumulation, increases in oxidative enzymes, cytokines and chemokines [9–11]. A significant increase in CK levels over 24 hours in both groups validated the protocol used in this study as an inductor of muscle damage. This increase was moderated by supplementation with Meriva®, that also led to lower levels of hsPCR and IL-8 2 hours after exercise. Several studies have confirmed that curcumin down-regulates the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in proteolysis and muscle inflammation [25] by suppressing NF—κB signalling [54, 55].

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