These results suggest that treatment of LXA(4)ME provides a potential preventative or therapeutic approach for morphine tolerance and associated abnormal pain sensitivity. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Molecular typing and mathematical modeling have gone through rapid development in the past decade. Both offer new insights find more into the epidemiology of infectious diseases, thereby contributing to a better
understanding of transmission dynamics. Infectious disease surveillance and control benefit from the optimum use of these techniques. In this paper, we review recent developments and propose methods to integrate pathogen ecology and molecular evolution based on their common dependence on the underlying host contact patterns.”
“Rationale Repeated amphetamine (AMPH) selleck screening library exposure is known to cause long-term changes in AMPH-induced locomotor behavior (i.e., sensitization) that are associated with similarly long-lasting changes in brain function. It is not clear, however, if such exposure produces long-lasting changes in a cognitive behavior that, in humans, is hypothesized to contribute to addiction.
Objectives To examine whether repeated AMPH exposure induces both
locomotor sensitization and alters impulsive choice in a delay-discounting task.
Materials and methods Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=29) were pretreated with 3.0 mg/kg AMPH or saline every other day for 20 days and were then trained to lever press for small, not immediately delivered food reinforcement or larger reinforcements delivered after delays. We subsequently assessed the effects of acute AMPH (0.1-2.0 mg/kg) on delay-discounting. Lastly, we tested for long-lasting effects of pretreatment by giving an AMPH challenge (3.0 mg/kg) 1 week after the final delay-discounting session.
Results
Repeated AMPH produced sensitization to the drug’s stereotypy-inducing effects but did not alter acquisition or baseline behavior in the delay-discounting task. Following acute AMPH, impulsive choice and other measures of delay-discounting were altered, but to a similar extent in both saline- and AMPH-pretreated groups. The AMPH challenge, given similar to 3 months after the last pretreatment injection, revealed that sensitization was still evident.
Conclusions Our results suggest that one behavioral consequence of repeated AMPH exposure-sensitization-does not overlap with another potential outcome-increased impulsivity.