These studies have utilized the Fourier transform of Raman band shapes to produce vibrational correlation and memory functions. These functions have been analyzed by time series analysis using CYT387 order Zwanzig-Mori formalism to establish homogeneous and inhomogeneous contributions to the spectral second moments. The conclusions of this research will be described, and the significance of these contributions to molecular dynamics and chemical reactions in nanopores will be discussed. The connection will

then be made to the influence of nanopores in the chemistry at ancient hydrothermal vents and how this chemistry can account for the appearance of the first life-forming chemicals. Experiments that have been designed to discover this early chemistry will be discussed. E-mail: richard.​wilde@ttu.​edu A Robust Pathway for Protocell Growth and Division Under Plausible Prebiotic

Conditions Ting F. Zhu1,2, Jack W. Szostak1 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; 2Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Copanlisib supplier Institute of Technology A primitive cell must find more comprise two fundamental components: a self-replicating genome, and a membrane compartment (vesicle) that can grow and divide. In this study, we show that one of these two fundamental components, a membrane compartment that can grow and Niclosamide divide, may emerge under model prebiotic conditions. We show that fatty acid vesicles, by simple feeding with fatty acid micelles, can grow into thread-like shapes through a series of dramatic shape transformations. These thread-like vesicles,

under the influence of mild fluid perturbations, can divide into multiple daughter vesicles, each inheriting the encapsulated genetic molecules of their parent vesicle. In modern life, cell division is a process which requires highly sophisticated protein machinery to accomplish. Our results demonstrate how, without complex proteins, an artificial membrane compartment can grow and divide under simple prebiotic conditions. Chen, I. A., Roberts, R. W. & Szostak, J. W. The emergence of competition between model protocells. Science 305, 1474–6 (2004). Hanczyc, M. M., Fujikawa, S. M. & Szostak, J. W. Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: encapsulation, growth, and division. Science 302, 618–22 (2003). Hanczyc, M. M. & Szostak, J. W. Replicating vesicles as models of primitive cell growth and division. Curr Opin Chem Biol 8, 660–4 (2004). Szostak, J. W., Bartel, D. P. & Luisi, P. L. Synthesizing life. Nature 409, 387–90 (2001). E-mail: tzhu@mit.​edu Astrobiology and Search for Life Geochemical Testbed Research for Life Detection on Mars Andrew D. Aubrey1, Frank J. Grunthaner1, Max L. Coleman1, Mark A. Sephton2, John H. Chalmers3, Jeffrey L.