However, further research is needed to explore the question whether AT(2) receptor stimulation may represent a

new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.”
“The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well known for its vital involvement in body fluid homeostasis and circulation. However, very little research has been devoted to the impact of this regulatory system on the gastrointestinal (GI) system. This is surprising because the GI tract is fundamental for the intake and excretion of fluid and electrolytes (and nutrients), and it accommodates a large proportion of bodily haemodynamics and host defence systems. The RAS is well expressed and active in the GI tract, although the exact roles for the key mediator angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptors in general, and the type 2 (AT(2)) receptor in particular, are not completely settled. There are several reports showing Ang II EPZ004777 clinical trial AZD5363 regulation of intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport. For example, mucosaprotective duodenal bicarbonate-rich secretion is inhibited by Ang II via type 1 (AT(1)) receptor-mediated facilitation of sympathoadrenergic activity, but this secretory process can also be stimulated by Ang II via AT(2) receptors. Novel data from human oesophagus and jejunum suggest that the AT(1) receptor mediates muscular contractions and that the AT(2) receptor regulates epithelial functions.

Data are accumulating suggesting involvement Fosbretabulin mw of AT(1) and AT(2) receptors in GI inflammation and carcinogenesis. The picture of the RAS and AT(2) receptor in the GI tract is, however, far from complete. Much more basic research is needed with regard to GI pathophysiology before concluding clinical significance and potential applicability of pharmacological interferences with the RAS.”
“Since the discovery of a renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain, several studies have linked this central RAS to neurological disorders such as ischaemia, Alzheimer’s disease and depression. In the last decade, evidence has accumulated that the central RAS might also play a role in Parkinson’s disease. Although the exact cause

of this progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the basal ganglia remains unidentified, inflammation and oxidative stress have been suggested to be key factors in the pathogenesis and the progression of the disease. Since angiotensin II is a pro-inflammatory compound that can induce the production of reactive oxygen species due to activation of the NADPH-dependent oxidase complex, this peptide might contribute to dopaminergic cell death. In this review, three different strategies to interfere with the pathogenesis or the progression of Parkinson’s disease are discussed. They include inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and stimulation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor.