These additive effects indicate that LACS1 and LACS2 have overlapping functions in both wax and cutin synthesis. Selleckchem GNS-1480 We demonstrated that LACS1 has synthetase activity for VLCFAs C(20)-C(30), with highest
activity for C(30) acids. LACS1 thus appears to function as a very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase in wax metabolism. Since C(16) but not C(18) cutin monomers are reduced in lacs1, and C(16) acids are the next most preferred acid (behind C(30)) by LACS1 in our assays, LACS1 also appears to be important for the incorporation of C(16) monomers into cutin polyester. As such, LACS1 defines a functionally novel acyl-CoA synthetase that preferentially modifies both VLCFAs for wax synthesis and long-chain (C(16)) fatty acids for cutin synthesis.”
“Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling networks are important regulators of environmental responses and developmental processes in plants. To understand the role of MAPK signalling modules in the regulation AZD2014 of plant microtubule functions, we searched for MAPKs that interact with the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase, PROPYZAMIDE HYPERSENSITIVE 1 (PHS1), whose
mutation has previously been reported to confer hypersensitivity to microtubule-disrupting drugs in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that PHS1 specifically interacts with two MAPKs, MPK12 and MPK18. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) studies confirmed that the PHS1 and MPK18 proteins are physically coupled, and that this interaction occurs in
the cytoplasm. At the biochemical level, in vitro dephosphorylation assays indicated that phospho-MPK18 can be dephosphorylated by recombinant PHS1. Mutant mpk18 seedlings show defects in microtubule-related functions, and have moderately stabilized microtubules. Absence of MPK18 in the phs1-1 background partially complements the phs1-1 root growth phenotypes, Proteasome 抑制剂 providing genetic evidence for involvement of MPK18 signalling in microtubule-related functions. We propose a model whereby the PHS1-MPK18 signalling module is involved in a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation switch that regulates cortical microtubule functions.”
“Purpose: Endocrine therapy for prostate cancer causes substantial side effects, and previous studies have focused on the impacts on sexuality and masculinity. Little is known about how men experience bodily alterations in everyday life through the course of the prostate cancer and treatment. The aim of this study was to show how men with prostate cancer experience bodily changes and how these alterations influence daily life.
Method: The study was conducted via qualitative interviews with a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. We interviewed ten men (aged 58-83) with prostate cancer who received endocrine therapy as the primary treatment method.