RNA was harvested from cultures after 20 and 60 min of induction with 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 or 5-fold MIC concentrations of oxacillin. Transcripts hybridising to sas016 and luc+ -specific DIG and their approximate sizes are indicated. Approximate transcript

sizes are indicated on the left side of the blots. Ethidium bromide stained 16S rRNA bands are shown below Northern blots as an selleck inhibitor indication of RNA loading. Antibiotic-dependent induction of the CWSS The MIC values of diverse antibiotics chosen for induction experiments were determined for strain BB255 p sas016 p -luc+ (Table 2). MIC concentrations were then used in induction experiments to compare the relative inducing capacities of the antibiotics (Figure 4). When adding MIC concentrations of antibiotics to exponentially growing cultures, salient differences in induction kinetics were apparent throughout

the two hour sampling period, including the slopes of induction curves and the maximal luciferase activities reached. Large differences were also seen in the response of the culture’s ODs over the induction period, which ranged from slight growth retardation, through to halting of growth and decreasing OD readings; reflecting differences in the effectiveness of the antibiotics and the concentrations used, which are likely to impact CWSS induction kinetics. There were no apparent connections between the stages of cell wall synthesis targeted by antibiotics and CWSS induction potential. Oxacillin and fosfomycin, which target Akt inhibitor completely different enzymatic stages of peptidoglycan synthesis, showed the highest maximal induction levels, with luciferase activity becoming induced relatively late, but then continually increasing over the two hour period. Bacitracin, tunicamycin, D-cycloserine, flavomycin and find more teicoplanin showed medium levels of induction, although there were large differences in the shapes of their induction curves. Bacitracin and flavomycin initiated induction very rapidly and maximal expression peaked after 60 min. The teicoplanin induction curve was shallower but maximal induction was again reached at 60 min. Vancomycin was a comparably weak inducer at the MIC

concentration. Induction by lysostaphin appeared immediately, within the first 10 min, but remained very low. The OD curve for lysostaphin Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 showed significant lysis of the culture, which would account for the overall low levels of luciferase measured. Induction therefore seems to be more strongly influenced by the specific activities of the different antibiotics used, rather than their targets. Table 2 MIC values and summary of induction kinetics characteristics of different antibiotics Antibiotic MIC a Fold MIC decrease in BB255ΔVraR b Lag before induction c Maximum induction d Time point of maximum induction e Concentration dependence f OD/CFU/ml as % of control g Fosfomycin 0.5 2x 30 high 120 high (29.5) 47/10 D-Cycloserine 12 none 10 medium 60 high (25.5) 56/36 Bacitracin 32 10x none medium 60 low (1.