These results are consistent with those documented in previous reports [29, 30]. Figure 1 Crystallographic structure and the crystallographic phase of NiCo 2 O 4 with the spinel structure. (a) Crystal structure of NiCo2O4. (b) XRD pattern of the NiCo2O4 nanoneedle arrays. The schematic illustration of the fabrication process of NCONAs on carbon cloth substrate is shown in Figure  2. It can be seen

that the whole process involves two steps: first, NCONAs precursor were longitudinally grown on the carbon cloth via a facile modified hydrothermal process according to previous work [19]; find more second, the obtained NCONAs precursor were subsequent post-annealing in air atmosphere; the color of the NCONAs precursor changed from dark gray to black,

and the needle tip shape was still kept well. Moreover, Figure  3 is the optical image of Fosbretabulin manufacturer the flexible electrode material. Figure  3a shows the optical image of the NCONAs in the formation processes. Meanwhile, carbon cloth can be readily rolled up as can be seen in Figure  3b, which is appropriate for flexible device applications. Figure 2 Schematic illustration for the formation processes of the NiCo 2 O 4 nanoneedles. Figure 3 The optical image of the flexible electrode material. (a) The formation processes of the NCONAs growth on carbon cloth. (b) Optical images and schematic illustration for the flexible electrode material. Figure  4a shows a SEM image of the well-cleaned carbon Raf inhibitor fibers, and the Megestrol Acetate inset shows the details of the carbon fiber; we can see that the surface of the carbon fiber is smooth before the nanoneedle growth. After the nanoneedle growth, the surface of the whole carbon cloth becomes rough. Figure  4b,c,d demonstrates the higher magnification SEM images of NCONAs at different magnifications, indicating the growth of the target materials are large area and remarkably uniform, and provide clearer information about the carbon fiber growing NCONAs. From Figure  4b, it can be found that

the as-obtained sample still reserved the 3D textile structure of the carbon fiber substrate, and the surface of each carbon fiber is uniformly covered with NCONAs. Further observation of an individual carbon fiber revealed that numerous NCONAs grew tidily and closely on the surface of the carbon fiber (Figure  4c,d). It is clear that the nanoneedle has a high aspect ratio, and from the high magnification SEM image in Figure  4d, we also can see that the NCONAs are of porous structures, which results from the release of gas during the decomposition of NCONAs precursor. Furthermore, the NCONAs have been ultrasonicated for several minutes before the FESEM examination, which confirms that the nanoneedles have a good adhesion on carbon cloth.