Around 10% of the English population lived in the most deprived a

Around 10% of the English population lived in the most deprived areas in 2008 (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2011) and 3.6 million adults fell below the minimum income adequate Trichostatin A manufacturer for healthy living in 2010 (Morris et al., 2010). Therefore, interventions targeted at low-SES groups have the potential for major public health impact. Qualitative research can provide contextual insight into the appropriateness and

acceptability of interventions aimed at low-SES groups. Dietary and physical activity interventions have the potential to influence health outcomes, including type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes (Harding et al., 2006). Those in low-SES groups are more likely to have higher levels of obesity, A 1210477 an unhealthy diet and be physically inactive, putting them more at risk of developing diabetes and pre-diabetes (Cleland et al., 2012a, Diabetes UK, 2006 and National Institute for

Health and Clinical Excellence, 2011) and other chronic conditions. Intervention participants, however, tend to be from less deprived backgrounds than non-participants (Chinn et al., 2006 and Waters et al., 2011), suggesting that interventions aimed specifically at low-SES groups might be useful for reaching these people. Community-based interventions provide a feasible and cost-effective way of reaching large numbers of people using limited resources, for health gain (Bopp and Fallon, 2008, second Brownson et al., 1996, Garrett et al., 2011 and Harding et al., 2006). Such interventions are typically multi-dimensional and take a broad and inclusive approach (Carson et al., 2011). Specific strategies include mass media campaigns, mass communication (e.g. posters, flyers, websites), counselling by health professionals, collaboration with community-based organisations, use

of specific community-based settings, changes to the environment, community member delivery and social networks (Bopp and Fallon, 2008, Brownson et al., 1996, Merzel and D’Afflitti, 2003 and Mummery and Brown, 2009) and can involve engagement of the community concerned (King et al., 2011). This approach is appropriate for diet and physical activity, which are likely to be influenced by a range of environmental, physical, social and economic factors (Ganann et al., 2012), and for low-SES groups, who may have specific needs and barriers (Cleland et al., 2012a). Therefore, as part of a series of reviews of evidence to inform national public health guidance regarding community-based prevention of diabetes, we assessed the effectiveness and acceptability of community-based dietary and physical activity preventive interventions among low-SES groups in the UK.

Indeed, earlier research has identified safety concerns as a barr

Indeed, earlier research has identified safety concerns as a barrier to MMR immunisation FXR agonist [30]. Conversely, there was no difference in beliefs about the side effects of dTaP/IPV between parents with maximum immunisation intentions and parents with less than maximum intentions. As parents generally did not perceive this to be a likely and/or serious outcome, it appears that other beliefs may be more salient in determining

intention, such as beliefs about the importance of booster doses. For both vaccinations, however, parents with maximum intentions were more likely to believe that having the one injection would be less painful than giving each component separately. Whilst positive attitudes were important for MMR and dTaP/IPV; perceived control only predicted parents’ intentions to take their child for MMR. Examination of the range of scores (Table 4) revealed that parents in the dTaP/IPV group were either indifferent (i.e. with a score in the middle of the possible range) or felt ‘in control’ (i.e. with a score above the middle of the possible range) of whether or not they took their child for this vaccination. However, some parents in the MMR group reported that they were not in control of whether or not they took their child for MMR (as indicated by a score below the middle of the possible range). It is possible, therefore, that perceived control was more

important for parents considering MMR. Examination of the AZD8055 ic50 beliefs underlying this component supported these findings: differences in control beliefs were found between parents with maximum intentions and parents with less than maximum

intentions in the MMR group but not in the dTaP/IPV group. For MMR, parents with maximum intentions had more positive beliefs about the immunisation service and were less likely to be hindered by a fear of needles and their own immunisation history. Consequently, parents may need more information and greater support about MMR from healthcare professionals. Apprehensive parents may also come up with reasons to defer taking their child for MMR, such as their fear of needles or lack of free time. These reasons (or potential ‘excuses’ for non-attendance) may reflect a lingering oxyclozanide anxiety about MMR that could usefully be addressed in communication between professionals and parents during the decision-making process. Although family size was not related to MMR, parents with more children had stronger intentions to immunise with dTaP/IPV. Whilst some studies have shown that larger family size is associated with lower rates of immunisation [2], [31] and [32], this finding was consistent with the qualitative findings. In the interviews [4], parents with older children reported feeling more confident in making decisions for their preschool child. Confidence came from positive experiences with immunisation and their experience as parents.

Each individual serum was analyzed in triplicate in double-blind

Each individual serum was analyzed in triplicate in double-blind tests. Positive and negative control sera were included in each test. Temozolomide concentration Results were expressed as the mean of the absorbance values (492 nm) of the 1/100 diluted sera of each animal. Seven days after immunization and 15 days after infection with L. chagasi, the intradermal response against L. donovani lysate (IDR) was measured in the footpads

as described earlier [32]. Briefly, mice were injected intradermally, in the right hind footpad, with 107 freeze–thawed stationary phase Leishmania donovani promastigotes (LD-1S Sudan strain) (200 μg of protein) in 0.1 ml sterile saline solution. The footpad thicknesses were measured with a Mitutoyo apparatus, both before and 0, 24 and 48 h after injection. Injecting each animal with 0.1 ml saline in the left hind footpad served as control. At each measurement, the values of the saline control were subtracted from the reaction due to the Leishmania antigen. Previous experiments carried out in Balb/c

mice and CB hamsters demonstrated that 24 h after inoculation saline treated footpads returned to base levels [32]. We also compared http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html the IDR induced in immunized and in challenged mice by the injection of either the promastigote lysate (200 μg of protein), or the FML antigen (100 μg), or the NH36 recombinant protein (100 μg), in 0.1 ml of saline solution. Further analyses of cellular immune responses was carried out using 106 splenocytes after 5 days of in vitro culturing at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in RPMI medium and/or 5 μg of recombinant NH36, the main antigenic component of the FML antigen [31]. Secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α was evaluated in the supernatants of in vitro cultured splenocytes by an ELISA assay, using the Biotin Rat anti-mouse IFN-γ (clone XMG1.2), the purified Rat anti-mouse IFN-γ (clone R4-6A2) and the Mouse TNF ELISA Set II kit (BD Bioscience Pharmingen) according

to the manufacturer’s instructions. Flow cytometry analysis (FACS analysis) in a FACScalibur apparatus was performed after splenocyte SB-3CT immunostaining with anti-CD4 (clone GK1.5) or anti-CD8-FITC (clone 53-6.7) monoclonal antibodies (R&D systems, Inc.). The intracellular production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was determined using 10 mg/ml brefeldin (Sigma) for 4 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2 followed by washing with FACS buffer (2% fetal calf serum, 0.1% sodium azide in PBS). Cells were labeled for 20 min at 4 °C in the dark with rat anti-mouse CD4FITC and CD8FITC (R&D systems) in FACS buffer (1/100). After that they were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, washed and treated with FACS buffer with 0.5% saponin (Sigma) for 20 min at room temperature and then further stained with IFN-γ-APC, TNFPE and IL-10PE monoclonal antibodies (BD-Pharmingen), 1/100 diluted in FACS buffer with 0.5% saponin for 20 min, and finally washed and resuspended in FACS buffer.

After washings, the plates were incubated with substrate-chromoge

After washings, the plates were incubated with substrate-chromogen solution (OPD 0.75 mg/mL, hydrogen peroxide 0.015%, in citrate–phosphate buffer, pH 5.5) for 15 min. The reaction was stopped Venetoclax chemical structure by adding 2 M sulphuric

acid and the absorbance read at 492 nm in a BioRad microtiter plate reader. Inhibition of VEGF/KDR-Fc interaction was calculated according to: inhibition % = 100 − (A492 nm immune serum/A492 nm pre-immune serum). Monkey IgG was purified from sera of pre-immune and immunized animals using affinity chromatography (PROSEP-G Spin Columns; Millipore), as suggested by the manufacturer. IgG was quantified by ELISA: a 96-well plate was coated with 3 μg/mL of anti-human kappa light chain antibodies (Sigma), and 50 μL of the test or control samples were added per well. After incubating 16 h at 4 °C, the reactions were developed using anti-human IgG gamma chain antibodies, conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (Sigma) diluted 1:5000 for 1 h at 37 °C. β-Nitrophenyl phosphate was employed as substrate. A standard curve of serial 1:2 dilutions, starting at 30 ng/mL, of a humanized anti-EGF receptor IgG1 antibody (TheraCIM®, CIMAB S.A., Havana) was included in order to quantify the amount of IgG present in Navitoclax supplier the samples. Animals were sedated with intramuscular

ketamine chloride (10 mg/kg) prior to invasive or direct manipulations. DTH was done in all monkeys after the second booster immunization of the maintenance phase. Test antigens included P64K-hVEGFKDR− and hrVEGF. Saline buffer was used a control. The back of the monkeys were shaved and 100 μg of the test antigens were injected intradermally in the middle of circles marked with indelible ink, using 0.5 mL insulin

syringes fitted with 29 gauge needles. After 48 h, the injection sites were independently assessed by two experienced readers unaware of animal treatment. Induration diameter was measured with a digital caliper and results were expressed as the group geometric mean area [22] and [23]. Erythema and swelling were not considered Oxymatrine in the measurement. Due to caliper characteristics, the lower measurable limit of a detectable reaction was 0.5 mm in diameter. For geometric mean calculations, measurements below 0.5 mm were considered to be 0.5 mm. Results are presented according to the score: ++ positive = >5 mm2 of geometric mean; + positive = between 0.5 and 4.99 mm2 of geometric mean; − = no detectable reaction. Four millimeter punch biopsies were made at selected sites 48 h after DTH induction. Paraffin embedded sections (5 μM) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and reviewed by a veterinary pathologist unaware of group assignment or test antigen. At least two sections from each biopsy were examined. For each sample, the general nature of the dermal infiltrate was evaluated in terms of the presence of mononuclear cells, neutrophils, or eosinophils.

If non-inferiority was demonstrated, the two-sided Fisher’s exact

If non-inferiority was demonstrated, the two-sided Fisher’s exact test was performed. Fig. 1 shows the patient disposition. A total of 402 subjects were screened, and 400 subjects randomized equally to both groups (two subjects did not meet all inclusion/exclusion criteria). Altogether, 396 subjects (99.0%) received all three vaccinations. The mean age was 6.7 (Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem

group) and 6.8 weeks (Quinvaxem only group). Table 1 presents other demographic data. Immunogenicity results for the ATP population are given (ITT population results were similar). At baseline, the majority of subjects were seroprotected at the lower cut off level of ≥0.15 μg/mL in both treatment PD-0332991 order groups for Hib (Tritanrix™ HB + Hib + Quinvaxem 83.8% and Quinvaxem 84.8%). For tetanus toxoid, 88.7% of Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem subjects and 91.9% of Quinvaxem subjects were seroprotected at baseline. For HepB almost one-third of subjects were seroprotected at baseline (Tritanrix™ HB + Hib + Quinvaxem 27.3% and Quinvaxem 30.8%), and for diphtheria less than

one-fifth of subjects were seroprotected (Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem 17% and Quinvaxem 16.7%). One month after the third dose of vaccine, all subjects had achieved seroprotection for tetanus and Hib (100% for both antigens Ulixertinib for both treatment groups), all except one for diphtheria (100% for Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem and 99.5% for Quinvaxem), Rolziracetam and all achieved seroconversion against B. pertussis except for two subjects (100% for Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem and 99% for Quinvaxem). Seroprotection against hepatitis B was achieved

in 97.4% of Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem and 94.9% of Quinvaxem subjects ( Fig. 2). The non-inferiority of Quinvaxem given interchangeably with Tritanrix HB + Hib compared with a full vaccination course of Quinvaxem was demonstrated. For all individual antigens, the lower limits of the two-sided CIs of the differences in seroprotection/seroconversion rates between the two groups were all greater than −10% (Fig. 3). For both groups, fewer solicited local AEs were reported after the third vaccination than after the first or second (Fig. 4). Tenderness (injection site pain) was the most common local solicited AE, but was experienced by more subjects in the Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem group after the first (64.0% vs. 54.0%), second (62.1% vs. 54.3%) and third (44.2% vs. 38.2%) vaccinations than in the Quinvaxem only group. The majority of solicited local AEs were of mild to moderate severity. After the first vaccination, more subjects who had received Tritanrix HB + Hib reported severe local AEs than subjects who had received Quinvaxem (6 vs. 3 subjects). The incidence of fever (solicited systemic AE) (Fig.

After

centrifugation (1800 × g for 15 min) the samples we

After

centrifugation (1800 × g for 15 min) the samples were stored at −70 °C until analysis. At days 1 and 3 p.i. 3 pigs from each group were euthanized and ZD1839 chemical structure a gross pathological examination was performed. Thirteen different tissue samples were collected from each of these pigs for histological and/or virological examinations: nasal mucosa from the turbinates, tonsils, trachea, tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN), six pieces of lung, brainstem, cerebrum and cerebellum. The lung pieces originated from the right apical lobe (lung 1), the right cardiac lobe (lung 2), the right diaphragmatic lobe (lung 3), the left diaphragmatic lobe (lung 4), the left cardiac lobe (lung 5), and the left apical lobe (lung 6). For (immuno)histology, tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for a maximum of 48 h, embedded in paraffin and tissue

slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. For immunohistological evaluation tissue slides were mounted on silicon coated glass slides, deparaffinised and exposed to 1% H2O2 to block endogenous peroxidase. After washing, the slides were treated with protease type XXIV (0.1 mg/ml, Target Selective Inhibitor Library mouse diluted in PBS, Sigma®, order nr. P8038) for 10 min. Samples were incubated with 10% normal goat serum and thereafter incubated with a murine monoclonal antibody, directed against the Influenza A virus nucleoprotein (HB65 MCA) for 45 min. After rinsing, slides were incubated with a HRP labelled polymer conjugated to an anti-murine IgG antibody (DAKO Envision™+ System) and to visualize the immunohistochemical signal followed by treatment with diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and counterstaining with hematoxylin eosin. For virological examination, 0.1 g from each tissue sample was added to 0.6 ml of medium (same as used for the swabs), and homogenized using the MagNaLyser (Roche Applied Science) for 30 s at 3500 × g. After centrifugation (9500 × g for 5 min), 0.4 ml of the supernatant was added to a further 1.2 ml of medium and stored at −70 °C until analysis. At day 21 p.i.

the remaining pigs where euthanized. Lungs were collected for a broncho-alveolar lavage, using 50 ml of cold (4 °C) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained was centrifuged (9500 × g over for 5 min) and stored at −70 °C until analysis. Nasal swabs, oropharyngeal swabs, tissue homogenates and BALF were all tested with a quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). A one-tube qRT-PCR was performed to detect the matrix gene of the influenza virus. The Qiagen one-step RT-PCR kit was used with a 25 μl reaction mixture containing 1 μl of kit-supplied enzyme mixture, 1 μl dNTP mix, 4 U of RNase inhibitor (Promega, Madison, WI), 0.5 μM of each primer M-Fw (5′-CTTCTAACCGAGGTCGAAACGTA-3′), M-Rev (5′-CACTGGGCACGGTGAGC-3′), and 0.3 μM of probe M (5′-6FAM-TCAGGCCCCCTCAAAGCCGA-X-ph).

In the second approach, persons who respond only after considerab

In the second approach, persons who respond only after considerable effort from the survey administrators – late respondents – are compared with early respondents. Differences in prevalence between early and late respondents

serve as the basis for inferences about non-respondents, on the assumption that non-respondents lie beyond the late respondents on the continuum of resistance. The method requires accurate documentation of efforts to elicit, and the timing of, the survey response. In one such study, a web-based Protease Inhibitor Library mouse survey of alcohol use at a New Zealand university, with 82% response (Kypri et al., 2004a), utilising several evidence-based methods (Edwards et al., 2002), late respondents drank more, had a higher prevalence of heavy drinking, and more alcohol-related problems LDK378 than early respondents (Kypri et al., 2004b). On the basis of these studies,

we hypothesised that people who do not comply with health guidelines on drinking, smoking, diet and physical activity, and have greater body mass, would be less inclined to participate in a health behaviour survey. New Zealand has eight universities and 19 polytechnic colleges which provide vocational training and some degree courses. All eight universities were invited to participate in a web-based study, and five accepted, representing six campuses (one of them providing data from two campuses in different cities). Ten of the polytechnic colleges were invited to participate in order to maximise geographic coverage of the country for a study aimed at examining environmental determinants of various health behaviours (i.e., polytechnics in the same cities as universities were not invited). Six of the invited polytechnics accepted, bringing the total number of tertiary education institutions involved in the study to 12. Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) comprise 15% of the New Zealand population, 10% these of university students and 18% of polytechnic students (Ministry of Education, 2011). We sought to invite random samples of 430 Māori and

430 non-Māori students aged 17–25 years from each campus in order to maximise the explanatory power of the study for Māori, who have traditionally been poorly served by population surveys despite bearing a considerably greater disease burden (Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2002). There was no stratification of the samples by age and sex. All members of the study population had an institution assigned e-mail address which we used to issue the invitation to participate. The questionnaire was offered in Māori and English and users could switch between languages at any stage by clicking a button. Students were invited by personalised letter to complete a web survey of their alcohol use, using a procedure described in detail elsewhere (Kypri et al., 2004a and Kypri et al., 2009). Sample weighting was used to account for the proportions of Māori and non-Māori at each campus.

Although a high-risk score appears to be more indicative of a TP

Although a high-risk score appears to be more indicative of a TP result, individual numerical values should be interpreted cautiously. Regardless of the risk score, confirmatory studies must be offered to all women with positive results without exception. This is particularly

important in light of the finding here that 6.2% of women with high-risk results chose to terminate the pregnancy without invasive test confirmation. Although referred to as fetal cfDNA, the primary source of cfDNA is placental trophoblast cells.34 CPM, estimated to be C646 research buy present in 1-2% of 10- to 12-week gestations,35 and 36 impacts all NIPTs. Validation studies have typically excluded samples with fetal mosaicism or CPM. Yet, it is clear that when NIPT is performed in a clinical setting, the effect of mosaicism cannot be ignored, and its impact on FP and FN results should be addressed. In this

cohort, 8/222 (3.6%) high-risk calls showed evidence of mosaicism. Two cases with CVS results that supported NIPT findings were later categorized as FPs because of CPM. Further, since most FPs in this cohort were determined by amniocentesis or at-birth testing without placental genetic analysis, there may be additional, undetected CPM cases within the FPs. From a retrospective analysis of CVS, Grati et al37 estimated that the FP rate would be 0.08% for the 4 common aneuploidies. Our findings, combined with the known incidence Antidiabetic Compound Library of CPM-related FPs and FNs, further reinforce the need for adequate pretest counseling, as recommended by American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG).17 Patients undergoing CVS following high-risk results with NIPT should be counseled that mosaic conditions can occur and later amniocentesis may be required. An unexpected finding in this study was that the PPV for women aged <35 years Bumetanide (87%) was similar to that of women aged ≥35 years (83%). This does not appear to be attributable to a bias in the referral of cases

for karyotyping. Some women aged <35 years may have chosen NIPT because of ultrasound findings or positive results with traditional serum screening. However, the lower aneuploidy call incidence of 1.0% in women aged <35 years, vs 2.4% in women aged ≥35 years (Table 3), supports that these 2 groups of women do differ substantially with respect to aneuploidy incidence. The PPV was expected to be lower in low-risk women because the number of affected pregnancies would be lower but the number of FPs was predicted to be a constant proportion.38 The similar PPVs determined in both maternal age groups may indicate that FPs, like affected pregnancies, are also proportionately more common in older women; perhaps arising from trisomic conceptions that are rescued but express CPM. More data are needed to confirm this observation. Based on the current opinion statement from ACOG, NIPT is appropriate for use in high-risk patients.

4) (Statistics from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communi

4) (Statistics from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable

Diseases, MSIS, Norwegian Institute of Public Health: http://www.msis.no/). It BTK inhibitor must be emphasised that the booster DTaP vaccine at age 7–8 years was implemented in 2006, and that the increase observed within the 11–15 years olds, most likely relates to individuals that were too old to have received this booster. However, the incidence figures from 2012 show an increased incidence starting already at the age of 10 years, i.e. in subjects who most likely have achieved the booster vaccine. These data thus indicate that the booster introduced in 2006 only protects for about 3–4 years. This is comparable to what have been observed in other countries recently [22] and [23]. About 10% of the sera revealed anti-Prn IgG levels >100 IU/ml. Such high anti-Prn IgG levels may be a result of the primary immunisations 6–11 years earlier, but this seems unlikely considering the rapid waning of pertussis specific

antibody levels after vaccination [19]. This proportion of high Prn antibody levels can better be explained by infection with circulating Prn-expressing strains like B. pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis [24]. However, there was no significant correlation between the level of IgG against Prn and PT in these sera with high anti-Prn IgG. Prn is a very immunogenic antigen that readily gives rise to high antibody levels which may last for a long time [25] and [26]. Also, PRN antibodies might be induced earlier in infection and prevent disease, while PT antibodies are later induced in infection and after early signs of disease. Consequently, antibodies against Prn cannot Apoptosis Compound Library be used to diagnose active pertussis, at least not from a single serum sample. Of importance in this regard is also the high frequency of circulating Prn-negative B. pertussis strains that have been observed in many countries recently [27] and [28]. In Norway around 20% of the analysed isolates from the last 5 years were found to be Prn-negative (unpublished observations). For serological diagnostics,

we have recommended a cut-off at 80 IU/ml in absence of recent vaccination. these Only 9 of 130 sera (7%) had anti-PT IgG above this level within the two first years after the booster, and 6 of these samples were collected within the first year after the booster and thus most likely vaccine induced. This indicates that booster immunisation with aP vaccine interferes marginally with serological diagnostic, as previously described by others [12] and [14]. A limitation of this study might be that the sera were randomly picked from leftovers volumes of samples for clinical chemistry analysis. They were thus not from healthy children but rather from children under evaluation for different diseases/illnesses. It may thus be argued that such left-over sera may not be representative for the general population regarding the immune response against pertussis following infection or vaccination.

Poorer achievement on physical performance testing by people with

Poorer achievement on physical performance testing by people with low back pain has been linked to fear of injury during movement, depression, cognitive factors, pain expectations, pain increase during testing, disability status and the presence of a solicitous spouse.23 The conventional Åstrand bicycle test and maximal exercise capacity tests tend to be unacceptable in people with a very poor aerobic capacity30 and the validity is low in those with chronic low back pain.27 Also, physical assessments used to detect the degree of Gefitinib in vitro disability in other disease states have major limitations when applied to people with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.31 In the last decade, many submaximal

tests have been developed as an alternative to maximal exercise testing.28 The most commonly used test in people with chronic low back pain is the submaximal Åstrand bicycle test. Its test-retest reliability seems to be good in people with chronic low back pain.32 However, submaximal testing tends to underestimate or overestimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in 15% of healthy subjects.33 Nevertheless, due to pain, fatigue and fear of worsening their symptoms, people with chronic pain, fibromyalgia and fatigue disorders are often unable to perform the submaximal Åstrand bicycle test.34 and 35 PFI-2 Guidance for clinicians in this area is needed because the variety in attributes of

the

available instruments makes it difficult to select the best instrument. Therefore, the research question of this systematic review was: In people with chronic pain, fibromyalgia and fatigue disorders, are maximal and submaximal physical capacity tests reliable, valid and acceptable? A sensitive search was performed in PubMed, Embase, PEDro and the Cochrane library in October 2012. The search strategy was developed by a medical librarian specialist. The detailed strategy for PubMed is presented in Appendix Fossariinae 1 (see eAddenda). Eligible studies could use any study design that reported on one or more measurement properties of physical capacity tests in adults with chronic pain, chronic fatigue disorders or fibromyalgia. Data were extracted for reliability coefficients, validity coefficients and dropout rates. Studies published in any language and in any year were eligible for inclusion. Records retrieved by the search were assessed for eligibility by two reviewers (JR, LR) working independently, initially based on titles and abstracts, with potentially eligible articles being assessed in full-text to confirm eligibility. Discrepancies were reviewed and consensus was achieved by discussion. Reasons for exclusion were given for each reference and are documented in Figure 1. For each included study, the exercise tests assessed were tabulated along with the psychometric tests performed and their results.