Impedance data acquired over a broad range of frequencies (i.e., impedance spectroscopy) contains more information than a DC-based measurement because the technique probes many aspects of the system investigated (i.e., the sensor as it interacts with its environment) including reaction kinetics and charge transfer processes; resistive, capacitive and dielectric properties of the sensor materials; and transport effects [5]. For example, changes in the permittivity of oxide mixtures have been used for thin and thick-film semiconductor-based sensors for gases such as NOx, H2S, COx, SOx, NH3, and other organic and combustible gases [5]. Because of these advantages, there has been growing interest in impedance-based sensors and sensor array systems [6].

Commercially-available, general purpose multi-channel analyzers capable of DC and AC impedance interrogation of arrays with up to 100 electrodes have been used to study complex electrochemical phenomenon such as metallurgical and spatiotemporal interactions in localized corrosion [7-11], combinatorial electrochemistry for discovery of improved corrosion inhibitors [12, 13], lithium-ion battery electrode materials [14-17], and fuel cell catalyst [18]. These works employ DC electrochemical measurement methods, such as linear or cyclic polarization techniques. To the authors knowledge, only one publication [19] describes impedance spectroscopy of large-channel count arrays, i.e., where N ~ 100 electrodes.

To date, impedance spectroscopy measurements of arrays have been based on sequential interrogation of each array element at each frequency [19].

The advantage of this approach is that only one impedance analyzer is required, which substantially reduces the cost, size, mass and power consumption of the analytical instrumentation. However, a limitation of this serial approach is that the data acquisition time can be substantial at low frequency when interrogating large numbers of array elements, i.e., ca. tens of minutes to tens of hours when interrogating 100 channels to sub-Hertz Anacetrapib frequencies.There are numerous reasons why time-efficient methods are required for impedance spectroscopy of large electrode arrays.

First, there is a need to be able to make the measurement in an experimentally practicable duration. It is beyond the patience of most researchers and experimental systems Drug_discovery to spend hours or even days to conduct a single experiment, as is conceivable when performing impedance spectroscopy measurements at sub-Hertz frequencies sequentially on arrays with a large number of elements (see discussion on section 1.1). Second, one criteria for valid impedance measurements is a stable, unchanging system.

The requirement for the two coregistered images to form a meaningful interferograms is stringent, which means that the two SAR phase images for the same area must be precisely aligned (as accurate as 0.1 pixel) so that pixels in one phase image correspond exactly to the pixels in the other in geographic location. This is understandable because the phase difference between two different ground pixels does not make any sense.The stability of the ground pixel, local slope of the terrain, the direction of observation, orbital configuration, frequency used for the two images, image processing procedure, topography difference observed from two slightly different points of view by the radar, all affect the formation of an interferogram.

Thus, for two images to be used for an interferogram, the ground pixel should be stable, terrain slope should be small, and the observation direction, orbit configuration, and processing procedure should be exactly the same. For the stringent requirement for forming an interferogram, see [1].1.5. Range Change Detection from InterferogramIf there is just a ground displ
The main factors affecting the endurance life of tracked vehicle mobility systems are the vibrational environment caused by road profiles, the obliqueness of roads, frequency of oblique roads, oblique continuity, and left and right steering characteristics.The vibration environment caused by the road profile mainly affects the suspension and structure of vehicle.

The severity for test courses at the Changwon proving ground and the mobility roads in army operation areas (AOAs) was measured and compared using the profilometer which was developed by the Changwon proving ground in the Agency for Defense Development [1]. Through the comparison of analyzed severity, the standardization of severity for test courses at the Changwon proving ground was achieved [2].The characteristics of the powertrain system of mobility systems have a close relation to the obliqueness of roads, frequency of oblique roads, oblique continuity, and left and right steering characteristics. Studies related to the durability of powertrain systems have been performed partially by commercial vehicle manufacturers. Kakinoki performed a study for life prediction of turbine-generator shafts which the rotational components like those found in powertrain systems [3].

Tohru and Masanori established an accelerated test method corresponding with the severity of service conditions to perform endurance tests on auto transmissions, Drug_discovery and evaluated the durability characteristics of auto transmissions in the laboratory or proving ground [4�C5]. Kim and Shin studied a computer simulation method regarding the cumulative damage prediction for the gears and bearings of auto transmissions [6�C7], and Kong calculated and compared the damage of rotational components using both rainflow counting and revolution counting [8].