The genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936, consists of more than 80 nematode species and contains mostly mycophagous species, but also plant parasites. The most economically important are Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipiev, 1936, and Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945. Ditylenchus destructor infests more than 100 host plant species, GSK1120212 including Solanum tuberosum, and occurs worldwide, mostly in temperate regions. Ditylenchus dipsaci is also present worldwide in areas that have a moderate climate and

infects more than 500 species of host plants (Caubel and Pedron 1976). Ditylenchus dipsaci is characterized by extensive intraspecific variations. At least 30 host races (with limited host ranges) of this pest can be distinguished (Sturhan and Brzeski 1991). These variations led some (e.g. Sturhan and Brzeski 1991; Palmer et al. 1992; Subbotin et al. 2005) to consider the D. dipsaci species as a ‘species complex’. This complex has been subdivided into two groups. The first contains diploid populations characterized by their so-called ‘normal size’ and named ‘D. dipsaci sensu stricto’. This group comprises most of the populations recorded so far. The second group of polyploids is further grouped into

the following clades: Ditylenchus spp. B (the so-called giant race from Vicia faba) that was recently singled out as the new species Ditylenchus gigas (Vovlas et al. 2011); Ditylenchus Selleck FK228 sp. C, which is now described as Ditylenchus weischeri (Chizhov et al. 2010); and Ditylenchus sp. D, E and F associated with plant species of the Fabaceae, Asteraceae or Plantaginaceae. Vicia faba is the host in which both types of races, those belonging to D. dipsaci and to D. gigas, can be found. The above information is further confirmed by phylogenetic data (e.g. Subbotin et al. 2005). Both D. dipsaci and D. destructor significantly adversely affect the quality and the quantity of plants. These two nematode

species cause swelling, distortions, stunting as well as necrosis and rotting of plant parts. For this reason, D. dipsaci and D. destructor are under quarantine regulations in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) region. Ditylenchus gigas is a serious pest of V. faba. Its presence was reported in several European and African countries bordering selleck chemicals the Mediterranean Sea. Our aim was to characterize and subsequently to study the phylogeny of some nematode populations found in Poland, specifically 11 D. dipsaci populations from three different hosts, three D. destructor populations from S. tubersosum ssp. tuberosum and one D. gigas population from V. faba ssp. minor. The sequences were compared with each other and with other populations of these species available in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis showed that in the case of D. dipsaci, even populations isolated from the same host may be clustered separately. On the other hand, most of D. destructor populations isolated from the S.

Medical writing assistance was provided by Isabelle Kaufmann of ArticulateScience and was funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Publication assistance was provided and funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb Australia. JL HOU,1 JD JIA,2 L WEI,3 H REN,4 Q XIE,5 ZL GAO,6 W ZHAO,7 YM WANG,8 G GONG,9 W CAO,10 M YU,11 C LLAMOSO11 1Institute of Hepatology

and Key Lab for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China, 2Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China, 3Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China, 4Second Hospital Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, China, 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 6Third MAPK inhibitor Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 7Nanjing Second Hospital Affiliated to Medical

College, Southeast University, 1-1 Zhong Fu Road, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, China, 8Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China, 9Liver Diseases Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 10Tianjin learn more Infectious Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China11Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT, USA Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a significant public health issue and an important cause of liver-related mortality in China. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of entecavir (ETV) versus other standard-of-care (oSOC) nucleos(t)ide analog (NUC) therapy in a ‘real-world’ clinical practice selleck compound setting in China. Methods: This prospective, randomized, observational cohort comprised a subgroup of NUC-naïve CHB patients with compensated liver disease and without HCV co-infection, enrolled in the REALM study at 50 sites in China. Patients treated with ETV or oSOC were assessed for virologic responses over 192 weeks. Missing values were handled using a non-completer = missing method. All treated patients

were assessed for limited safety parameters. Results: Overall, 3526 patients were treated (ETV 1766; oSOC 1760). Baseline patient characteristics were balanced across treatment groups: approximately 80% male, 100% Asian, 64% HBeAg(+); mean HBV DNA ≈7 log10 IU/mL. Median time (weeks) on original study therapy was 239.9 (1.3−276.9) for ETV, 252.3 (12.1−271.0) for lamivudine, 204.9 (147.4−218.1) for telbivudine, and 238.3 (0.3−282.0) for adefovir. At Week 192, 86% of ETV-treated patients had HBV DNA <50 IU/mL compared with 62% of patients treated with oSOC (lamivudine, telbivudine, or adefovir; non-completer = missing analysis). Serious treatment-related adverse events were infrequent (<1%) and comparable across treatment arms.