SI unit conversion factor: 1 kcal = 4.2 kJ. Values exclude supplementation dose. Muscle strength and resistance exercise volume There were no significant differences

in the 1-RM values between legs at each testing session for the angled leg press (p = 0.35) and leg #MLN0128 in vivo randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# extension (p = 0.42) exercises. The 1-RM for the leg press was 156.05 ± 18.86 kg for the right leg and 154.29 ± 25.52 kg for the left leg, and the 1-RM for the leg extension was 44.94 ± 3.91 kg for the right leg and 44.69 ± 5.11 kg for the left leg. Additionally, there were no significant differences in the resistance exercise volume between the two testing sessions. The volume for leg press was 4744.5 ± 960.4 kg for WP and 4841.6 ± 1212.9

kg for CHO (p = 0.89), and the volume for leg extension was 1187.5 ± 267.6 kg for WP and 1285.2 ± 180.1 kg for CHO (p = 0.35). Serum IGF-1 and insulin For IGF-1, no significant main effects for Supplement and Test or the Supplement × Test interaction were observed (p > 0.05) (Table 3). For insulin, no significant main effect for Supplement or the buy MM-102 Supplement × Test interaction was observed (p > 0.05); although, a significant main effect for Test (p < 0.001) was observed. Post-hoc analysis showed significant differences between baseline, 30 min post-supplement ingestion, 15 min post-exercise, and 120 min post-exercise (Table 3). Table 3 Serum IGF-1 and insulin levels for WP and CHO. Variable Time Point WP CHO p-value IGF-1 (ng/ml) Baseline

0.46 ± 0.4 0.39 ± 0.3 Supplement (S) = 0.64   30 min Dichloromethane dehalogenase post-ingestion 0.47 ± 0.4 0.45 ± 0.4 Test (T) = 0.34   15 min post-exercise 0.44 ± 0.5 0.39 ± 0.3 S × T = 0.89   120 min post-exercise 0.50 ± 0.4 0.44 ± 0.3   Insulin (μIU/ml) Baseline 12.83 ± 6.1 14.05 ± 7.1 Supplement (S) = 0.95   30 min post-ingestion 51.90 ± 25.3 50.59 ± 34.9 Test (T) = 0.001†¥#   15 min post-exercise 23.60 ± 14.1 14.62 ± 8.9 S × T = 0.76   120 min post-exercise 10.08 ± 6.5 9.33 ± 5.5   Data are means ± standard deviations. † represents significant difference from baseline at 30 min post-ingestion. ¥ represents significant difference from baseline at 15 min post-exercise. # represents significant difference from baseline at 120 min post-exercise. Akt/mTOR signaling intermediates While no significant main effects for Supplement or the Supplement × Test interaction were observed for any of the variables (p > 0.05), a significant main effect for Test (p < 0.05) was observed for IRS-1 (p = 0.040), mTOR (p = 0.002), p70S6K (p = 0.046), and 4E-BP1 (p = 0.001). No significant main effects for Test was observed for Akt (p = 0.359). Subsequent analyses revealed a significant increase from baseline in IRS-1 at 15 and 120 m post-exercise, an increase in mTOR and p70S6K at 15 min post-exercise, and a significant decrease in 4E-BP1 at 15 min post-exercise (Table 4).

Furthermore, the anti-angiogenic activity of platycodin D was

confirmed by performing the Matrigel plug assay in mice. In a mouse tumor xenograft model, platycodin D inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html carcinoma, and reduced the expression of VEGF, CD34 and IL-8. Taken together, our results indicate that platycodin EGFR inhibitor D exerts anti-angiogenic action by regulating MAPKs activation and IL-8 expression. Therefore, platycodin D may beneficial for prevention and treatment of angiogenesis-dependent human diseases such as tumor. Poster No. 85 Role of Complement in Lymphoid-Like Tumor Transformation and Invasion Iraklis C. Kourtis 1 , Jacqueline D. Shields1, Melody A. Swartz1 1 Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland Changes in the immunological equilibrium in the tumor microenvironment are critical for the progression of a developing tumor, allowing tumor escape from immune surveillance and metastases. We have identified that invasive B16 F10 melanomas

naturally secrete CCL21, a ligand for CCR7, which is used by dendritic cells and naïve T cells to home to the T cell zone of the lymph node to initiate an immune response. B16 F10 melanoma cells were engineered to either knockdown, maintain or over-express CCL21. Chemokine secreting tumors, but not knockdown variants, attracted CCR7+ lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTis, CD45+CD3−CD4+IL-7Ra+ROR-γt+) into the tumor and drove lymphoid-like changes in the tumor check details microenvironment including a reticular fibroblast stromal network (CCL21+gp38+ ERTR7+LYVE-1−) surrounding the tumor, HEV-like vessels (ERTR7+ PNAds+LYVE-1−) inside the tumor, and, importantly, an overexpression of complement regulating receptors. This microenvironment, reminiscent of the T cell zone in the lymph node, attracted naive T cells into the tumor where, we hypothesized, they could be educated towards a tolerogenic phenotype only in a regulatory

microenvironment. Recent studies have suggested a role of complement in tumor growth, and since complement can serve both immune regulatory and functional roles depending its processed form, we implanted Clomifene these tumors into C3-/- mice. We found that both CCL21 expressing and knockdown tumors grew poorly, and CCL21-secreting tumors could not drive a regulatory T cell response as they did in wild type mice. These findings suggest that invasive tumors may utilize complement dependent strategies in the newly formed quasi lymph node microenvironment, to further provide a regulatory environment for in situ education of T cells shifting the host immune response from a functional to regulatory repertoire. Poster No.

Results Jurkat cells Figure 1 shows corresponding 2D gels derived from exposed and control cells. The separated PF-6463922 supplier proteins were q uantified for protein amounts (fluorescence detection) and protein synthesis (35S-autoradiography).

see more The spot pattern obtained was very highly reproducible: 855 spots were consistently detected in six gels from three independent experiments, each with exposed and corresponding control cells. The average standard deviation of fluorescence spot intensities (18.8%) was determined from the three independent control cell gels. Fluorescence spot intensities for some individual proteins appeared to reveal an increased level in response to RF-EME. Application of strict spot quantification criteria, however, indicated that there were no significant differences between RF-EME-exposed and control cells. Autoradiographs selleck kinase inhibitor of the same gels, however, revealed significant differences in the rate of de novo synthesis of several proteins (greater than 2 fold) between RF-EME and control cells. Figure 1c, d shows the higher general autoradiograph intensity observed for radiation exposed cells. On average, the total 35S autoradiograph intensity

was almost doubled [the measured increase was 93 ± 28% (n = 3)]. Actually all detectable protein spots displayed an increased 35S incorporation rate. Fig. 1 RF-EME exposure of Jurkat T-cells generally increased 35S incorporation rates, indicating induction of protein synthesis. The cells (exposed and controls) were metabolically labeled for 8 h during exposure. a, b Fluorescence detection of protein amounts, separated by 2D-PAGE. c, d De novo synthesis (35S autoradiographs) of proteins depicted in a and b, respectively. While protein amounts did not show significant alterations,

protein synthesis was generally increased due to RF-EME. Annotated proteins are further detailed in Table 1 We categorized a protein as specifically up-regulated if the normalized integrated 35S autoradiograph spot intensity was at least two-fold greater than the corresponding control cell spot with an ANOVA P-value of Cepharanthine less than 0.05. Using this criterion, fourteen proteins were found to be specifically up-regulated and were subsequently identified by mass spectrometry as described in Materials and Methods (Table 1 and supplementary data). Figure 2 provides three examples of proteins specifically up-regulated by RF-EME: heat shock protein 70, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14 and 26S protease regulatory subunit 6B. Figure 3 shows peptide fragmentation mass spectra of peptides derived from ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14 and 26S protease regulatory subunit 6 in order to demonstrate the high degree of reliability of the protein identification procedure used.

e. for Ulixertinib cell line a 1 log-increase of the total cell count). 2The same letter code as for band designation in Figure 3 was used. Figure 3 Population dynamics of cheese surface consortia by TTGE. TTGE analysis was carried out after total DNA extraction of cheese ZD1839 surfaces treated with complex surface consortium F, complex surface consortium M, or defined commercial culture OMK 704 (control cheese). Cheeses were sampled after 1, 7, 14, 21, 37 and 81 days. Each sample was analyzed

on two different gels (high and low GC). Single bands were assigned to species using the database of 15 cultivable species completed by the database of 5 species identified by excision, cloning and sequencing. b, c, C. variabile; d, Mc. gubbeenense; f, uncultured bacterium from marine sediment; h, j, v, C. casei; k, Br. tyrofermentans; l, Brachybacterium sp. or Arthrobacter arilaitensis; m, Br. paraconglomeratum; a, e, g, h, i, n, o, B. linens; p, St. vitulinus; q, St. equorum, St. epidermidis or F. tabacinasalis; q, t, St. equorum; r, E. malodoratus; IACS-10759 nmr w, M. psychrotolerans or Lc. lactis; x, Ag. casei; y, Al. kapii; z’, M. psychrotolerans.

L, Ladder: A, Lb. plantarum SM71; B, Lc. lactis diacetylactis UL719; C, C. variabile FAM17291; E, A. arilaitensis FAM17250; D, F, B. linens FAM17309. Population dynamics of the defined commercial culture OMK 704 by TTGE fingerprinting Population dynamics of the defined commercial culture OMK 704 at species level was assessed by TTGE fingerprinting of total DNA extracts (Figure 3, Table 3). All three species of the culture OMK 704 (C. variabile, A. arilaitensis and B. linens) established themselves on cheese surface during the first 14 days. Each of the five B. linens strains of the culture OMK 704 exhibited a distinguishable strain-specific TTGE buy Ixazomib profile (data not shown). The profile of B. linens FAM17309 (Bands

e, o; Figure 3) was detected in the TTGE fingerprint of day 81 cheese, showing that this strain predominated over other B. linens strains at the end of ripening. Additional species not deliberately applied on the cheese colonized the cheese surface along ripening. Two staphylococci species (St. vitulinus; St. equorum) appeared on day 14 as well as M. psychrotolerans and Al. kapii on day 37. Br. tyrofermentans and an uncultured bacterium from marine sediment completed the high GC community at day 81. Repetition of the treatment revealed the same trends regarding the three defined species. However, the development of non-deliberately applied species was different in the repetition. Three additional species colonized the cheese, i.e. Enterococcus sp., C. casei, Ag. casei, while Br. tyrofermentans could not be detected (data not shown).

Our results agree well with those of a reported study [12] that also correlated TUNEL assay with99mTc-HYNIC-annexin V uptake in a murine thymoma model to evaluate tumor response after radiation or cytotoxic drug treatment. It was postulated that99mTc-HYNIC-Annexin V may be

an ideal agent for imaging of early apoptosis in response to treatment. Mochizuki et al. [11] has similarly found in a KDH-8 liver cancer murine model that annexin V imaging could accurately image the cyclophosphamide induced Selleck CHIR 99021 early apoptosis. However, in our study, as shown in Figure 6, the steep change in the 0.1 to 0.28 region poses some constraints on using this regression to predict %D/g from

TUNEL positive cells, or vice versa. Our study demonstrated that the early phase apoptosis induced by radiation is dose dependent, and99mTc-HYNIC-annexin V imaging can reflect this dose-response relationship. In EL4 lymphoma, the number of apoptotic cells detected by TUNEL in OICR-9429 clinical trial irradiated groups increased as radiation dose rose and was 1.7 to 4.9 times that of the un-irradiated groups. Within the same tumor tissue, the TUNEL results correlated well with the in vivo annexin V radioactivity which Cobimetinib in the irradiated groups’ uptake was also 1.7 to 4.9 times that in the un-irradiated tumors. Though we did not quantify the99mTc-HYNIC-annexin V uptake in TAVS, it Fossariinae could be visualized clearly that the intensity of tracer increased as the radiation dose escalated (Figures 2 and 3). Yong et al. [16] also reported similarly, on a murine breast tumor model, that it is feasible to use99mTc-EC-annexin to image early tumor apoptosis. Our results are consistent with a study reported by Liu [17]. However the positive correlation between early phase apoptosis

and radiation dose is considered only applicable within a limited dose range [18]. Recent findings have been reported that large single dose irradiation (8 to 15 Gy) may enhance tumor radiation sensitivity through the induction of tumor blood vessel endothelium apoptosis [19, 20]. Our study also illustrated that the degree of early phase apoptosis after irradiation might be correlated with tumor radiation sensitivity. When receiving the same irradiation dose, the EL4 lymphoma and S180 sarcoma responded differently. With a single 8 Gy irradiation, the EL4 tumor was completely controlled after radiation. This is consistent with the finding that El4 lymphoma is sensitive to radiation and usually undergoes P53 dependent apoptosis after radiation [21]. However, the S180 sarcoma was comparatively irradiation resistant as the tumor in this study remained stable for a short time after the same radiation dose and eventually relapsed.

(A) Diagram of the full-length 88 kDa VacA protein secreted by H. pylori strain 60190 [19]. p33 (amino acids 1 to 311) and p55 (amino acids 312-821) domains are shown. Mutations encoding single coil deletions within the β-helix of the p55 domain were introduced into the H. pylori chromosomal vacA gene by natural transformation and allelic exchange as described in Methods. The relative position of each single coil deletion is shown. (B) Crystal structure of the p55 VacA domain of H. pylori strain 60190 [3]. The sites of two coils targeted for deletion mutagenesis (amino acids 433-461 and 608-628) are highlighted in red. Recently the crystal structure of the p55 domain of a VacA protein was

VX-689 mw determined [3]. The most striking feature of this domain is the presence of a right-handed parallel β-helical structure, composed of coiled, parallel β-sheet structures

(Fig. 1B). Each coil of the parallel β-helix consists CA-4948 of three parallel β-strands connected by loops of different lengths. The β-helical portion of the VacA p55 domain of H. pylori strain 60190 consists of about 13 coils (Fig. 1B) [3]. Substitution mutagenesis of single amino acids within the amino-terminal region of the p33 domain is sufficient to ablate multiple activities of VacA [24–27], but in contrast, it has been difficult to identify small inactivating mutations within the p55 domain [26]. The only known small inactivating mutation within Sitaxentan the p55 domain is a deletion of two amino acids (aspartic acid 346 and glycine 347, located in a region of the p55 domain not included in the crystal structure) [29, 32], which results in defective oligomerization of VacA. Since it has been difficult to identify small inactivating mutations within the p55 domain [26], we hypothesized that large portions of the p55 domain might be non-essential for vacuolating toxin activity. To test this hypothesis,

in the current study we generated a set of H. pylori mutant strains expressing VacA proteins in which individual coils of the p55 β-helix were deleted, and we then analyzed the secretion and activity of these mutant proteins. We report that within the VacA β-helix, there are regions of plasticity that tolerate alterations without detrimental effects on protein secretion or activity, as well as a carboxy-terminal region in which similar alterations result in impaired secretion and protein misfolding. Methods H. pylori strains and growth conditions H. pylori wild-type strain 60190 (ATCC 49503) was the parent strain used for Tideglusib construction of all mutants in this study. The sequence of the VacA protein encoded by this strain is deposited as GenBank accession number Q48245. Throughout this study, we use an amino acid numbering system in which residue 1 refers to alanine 1 of the secreted 88 kDa VacA protein, and the p55 domain corresponds to amino acids 312 to 821. H.

Microbial Biotech 2009,2(1):75–90.CrossRef 9. Di Martino P, Fursy R, Bret L, Sundararaju B, Phillips RS: Indole can act as an extracellular signal to regulate biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and other indole-producing bacteria. Can J Microbiol 2003,49(7):443–449.PubMedCrossRef 10. Mueller RS, Beyhan S, Saini SG, Yildiz FH, Bartlett DH: Indole acts as an extracellular cue regulating gene expression in Vibrio cholerae . J Bacteriol 2009,191(11):3504–3516.PubMedCrossRef 11. Sasaki-Imamura BAY 63-2521 T, Yano A, Yoshida Y: Production of indole from L-tryptophan and effects of these compounds on biofilm

formation by Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010,76(13):4260–4268.PubMedCrossRef 12. Lee J, Zhang XS, Hegde M, Bentley WE, Jayaraman A, Wood TK: Indole cell signaling occurs primarily

at low temperatures in Escherichia coli . ISME J 2008, 2:1007–1023.PubMedCrossRef 13. Nikaido E, Yamaguchi A, Nishino K: AcrAB multidrug efflux pump regulation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by RamA in response to environmental signals. J Biol Chem 2008,283(35):24245–24253.PubMedCrossRef 14. Gerth K, Metzger R, Reichenbach H: Induction of myxospores in Stigmatella aurantiaca (Myxobacteria): inducers and inhibitors of myxospore formation, and mutants with a changed sporulation behavior. J Gen Microbiol 1993, 139:865–871. 15. Stamm I, Lottspeich F, Plaga this website W: The pyruvate kinase of Stigmatella aurantiaca is an indole binding protein and essential Forskolin clinical trial for development. Mol Microbiol 2005,56(5):1386–1395.PubMedCrossRef 16. Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J, Schultz PG, Lesley SA, Peters EC, Siuzdak G: Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009,106(10):3698–3703.PubMedCrossRef 17. Bansal T, Alaniz RC, Wood TK, Jayaraman A: The bacterial signal indole increases epithelial-cell tight-junction resistance and attenuates indicators of inflammation. Proc Natl Acad

Sci USA 2010,107(1):228–233.PubMedCrossRef 18. Djordjevic SP, Forbes WA, Smith LA, Hornitzky MA: Genetic and biochemical diversity among KPT-330 cell line isolates of Paenibacillus alvei cultured from Australian honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000,66(3):1098–1106.PubMedCrossRef 19. Antonello A, Weinstein GW: Successful treatment of Bacillus alvei endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1989,108(4):454–455.PubMed 20. Wiedermann BL: Non-anthrax Bacillus infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987,6(2):218–220.PubMedCrossRef 21. Reboli AC, Bryan CS, Farrar WE: Bacteremia and infection of a hip prosthesis caused by Bacillus alvei . J Clin Microbiol 1989,27(6):1395–1396.PubMed 22. Hoch JA, Demoss RD: Physiological effects of a constitutive tryptophanase in Bacillus alvei . J Bacteriol 1965,90(3):604–610.PubMed 23. Hoch JA, DeMoss RD: Physiological role of tryptophanase in control of tryptophan biosynthesis in Bacillus alvei .

d. × 12 cm) with a 3-μm ReproSil-Pur Basic-C18 (Dr. Maisch HPLC GmbH, Germany). Peptide fractions were collected for further analysis. MS/MS analysis of the samples was performed using a 7-Tesla LTQ-FT Ultra mass spectrometer

and Xcalibur software in data-dependent mode (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA). The precursor ion MS spectra were acquired in the ICR trap with a resolution of 50,000 at m/z 400. The three most intense ions were isolated from MS/MS spectra and fragmented Fedratinib supplier in LTQ. Oligomers from 2- to 9-mers were identified with ESI-MS. Other oligomers were assigned based on the one-charge increase in oligomers on HPLC traces. We used the basic theories of catalytic reactions and nucleation (Dubrovskii and Nazarenko 2010) to model the ion-mediated condensation of amino acids in the liquid phase. Results Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry We first prepared L-Glu oligomerization reactions in the presence of 1.0 M KCl based on an established procedure

using CDI, followed by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. CDI is an efficient dehydrating agent that can be used to produce homooligopeptides or random oligopeptides in water via a carboxyanhydride intermediate as a route for the prebiotic activation of amino acids to form oligopeptides (Brack 1987; Hill and Orgel 1996). In the control reaction, selleck inhibitor we added 1.0 M NaCl, which is the most effective salt concentration for the CDI-mediated formation of peptides (Wang et al. 2005). The chromatograms of the reactions with 1.0 M KCl or 1.0 M NaCl or no salts are shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 Chromatograms of the K+- and Na+-mediated oligomerization of peptides. Each peak matched specific CDI-induced L-Glu peptides in 1.0 M KCl or 1.0 M NaCl solution or water without any salts We found that the lengths click here of the oligomers increased up to 11-mer in the presence of K+ compared to 9-mer in the presence of Na+. For the mass spectra of the oligomers, see Table 1. We then studied L-Glu oligomerization in the presence of 0.5 M and 2.0 M KCl and NaCl. We found that ion concentrations below and above 1.0 M

reduced L-Glu peptide yields. K+ predominance was found in all the reactions. Table 1 Chromatography and mass spectrometry data for Na+- or K+ – catalyzed peptides Number of residues L-Glu oligomers + 1.0 M NaCl L-Glu oligomers + 1.0 M KCl Mass spectrometry [M + H]+ ([M + Na]+) Chromatography Mass spectrometry [M + H]+ ([M + K]+) Chromatography MS-275 mw Calculated, Da Found, Da Peak area Relative area, % Calculated, Da Found, Da Peak area Relative area, % 2 C10H17O7N2 277.104 C10H16O7N2Na (299.086) 277.101 (299.085) 963 100.0 C10H17O7N2 277.104 C10H16O7N2K (315.059) 277.103 (315.089) 534 100.0 3 C15H24O10N3 406.146 C15H23O10N3Na (428.128) 406.146 (428.127) 1060 110.1 C15H24O10N3 406.146 C15H23O10N3K (444.102) 406.146 (444.101) 709 132.8 4 C20H31O13N4 535.189 C20H30O13N4Na (557.171) 535.187 (557.172) 770 80.0 C20H31O13N4 535.189 C20H30O13N4K (573.145) 535.187 (573.145) 833 156.

Measurement of the color evolution using this H parameter confirmed the previously observed trend regarding the stability of the porous silicon samples towards degradation. We then used this H parameter to compare the degradation of the two porous silicon

samples. Thus, Figure 9 shows a comparison of the normalized value ((H - H initial)/(H max - H initial)) for the fpSi and pSi-ch samples. The stability of the different silicon surfaces can be ranked by their initial rate of degradation, with the stabilities being in the order: freshly etched porous Si > chitosan-coated pSi. Figure 9 Evolution of the normalized H parameter during the first 300 min for fpSi and pSi-ch. The experimental conditions are as given for Figure 6. By comparing the degradation kinetics of the porous silicon samples using normalized reflectance values (either rugate position Erastin ic50 or EOT) and normalized H parameter values, we conclude that it is possible to obtain semiquantitative information about porous silicon stability using color data. In contrast, YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 datasheet using the hue of the as-acquired images to monitor complete degradation is limited due to the interfering VX-689 research buy effect of the reflection of the broad light source spectrum from the porous silicon, silicon substrate, and other surfaces within the light path. However,

the use of a different light source with increased intensity in the blue-green regions of the spectrum compared to the lamp used may reduce this problem. The behavior of the hue parameter for porous rugate samples with the reflectance band at λ < 560 nm is also very dependent on the white balance value used during the image pre-processing step. Conclusions We have demonstrated that the degradation of porous silicon in basic aqueous buffers can be monitored in situ by digital imaging with a consumer-grade Ribonucleotide reductase digital camera and have validated this approach with simultaneous spectrophotometric measurement of the optical

reflectance spectra. An approximately linear correlation between the wavelength of the maximum of the rugate reflectance band and an H parameter derived from the HSV color space was observed during the degradation process. A similar relationship was also noted between the H parameter and the effective optical thickness of the samples. These results indicate that the samples were degrading via dissolution of the pore walls, rather than just dissolution from the top of the porous silicon layer downwards. The relative stabilities of the two porous silicon types obtained by the three measurement methods were consistent, indicating that all methods could be used to monitor relative sample degradation.

PubMed 6. Tumbarello M, Spanu T, Sanguinetti M, Citton R, Montuori E, Leone F, Fadda G, Cauda R: Bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: risk factors, molecular epidemiology, and clinical outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50:498–504.PubMedCrossRef 7. Roberts IS: The biochemistry and genetics of selleck chemical capsular polysaccharide production in bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 1996, 50:285–315.PubMedCrossRef 8. Sahly H, Keisari Y, Crouch E, Sharon N, Ofek I: Recognition of bacterial surface polysaccharides by lectins of the innate immune system and its contribution to defense against infection: the

case of pulmonary pathogens. Infect Immun 2008, 76:1322–1332.PubMedCrossRef 9. Rahn A, Drummelsmith J, Whitfield C: Conserved organization in the cps gene clusters for expression of Escherichia coli group 1 K antigens: relationship to the colanic acid biosynthesis locus and

the cps genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 1999, 181:2307–2313.PubMed 10. Whitfield C, Roberts IS: Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 1999, 31:1307–1319.PubMedCrossRef 11. Whitfield C, Paiment A: Biosynthesis and assembly of Group 1 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia AICAR mouse coli and related extracellular polysaccharides in other bacteria. Carbohydr Res 2003, 338:2491–2502.PubMedCrossRef 12. Whitfield C: Biosynthesis and assembly of capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli. Annu Rev Biochem 2006, 75:39–68.PubMedCrossRef Buspirone HCl 13. Arakawa Y, Wacharotayankun R, Nagatsuka T, Ito H, Kato N, Ohta M: Genomic organization of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cps region responsible for serotype K2 capsular polysaccharide synthesis in the virulent strain Chedid. J Bacteriol 1995, 177:1788–1796.PubMed

14. Pan YJ, Fang HC, Yang HC, Lin TL, Hsieh PF, Tsai FC, Keynan Y, Wang JT: Capsular polysaccharide synthesis regions in Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype K57 and a new capsular serotype. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:2231–2240.PubMedCrossRef 15. Shu HY, Fung CP, Liu YM, Wu KM, Chen YT, Li LH, Liu TT, Kirby R, Tsai SF: Genetic diversity of capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Microbiology 2009, 155:4170–4183.PubMedCrossRef 16. Fevre C, Passet V, Deletoile A, Barbe V, Frangeul L, Almeida AS, Sansonetti P, Tournebize R, Brisse S: PCR-based identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis, the agent of rhinoscleroma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011, 5:e1052.PubMedCrossRef 17. Ho JY, Lin TL, Li CY, Lee A, Cheng AN, Chen MC, Wu SH, Wang JT, Li TL, Tsai MD: Functions of some capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae NTUH K-2044. PLoS One 2011, 6:e21664.PubMedCrossRef 18. Regue M, Hita B, Pique N, Izquierdo L, Merino S, Fresno S, Benedi VJ, Tomas JM: A gene, uge, is essential for Klebsiella pneumoniae AG-120 research buy virulence. Infect Immun 2004, 72:54–61.PubMedCrossRef 19.