We made a molecular study of Zungaro populations in an attempt to

We made a molecular study of Zungaro populations in an attempt to solve taxonomical inconsistencies and to analyze genetic diversity in natural populations of this genus. We analyzed two regions of the mitochondrial DNA (the control region and the ATPase 6 gene region) of individuals sampled from the Parana-Paraguay Stem Cell Compound Library ic50 River and Amazon River basins. Analyses based on p-distances and maximum likelihood phylogenetic models showed a genetic difference between populations corresponding to different species. Genetic differentiation between Zungaro populations was at the same level as that observed between other Siluriformes species, using the same DNA sequences. We conclude

that Zungaro species of the Parana-Paraguay River basin do not belong to the same species found in the Amazon basin. This finding has a significant implication for conservation of this fish, given that populations are disappearing at a high rate in the Parana-Paraguay River basin, mainly due to impoundments.”
“Iron CX-6258 chlorosis is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting fruit trees and other crops in calcareous soils and leads to a reduction in growth and yield. Usual remediation strategies consist of amending iron to soil, which is an expensive practice, or using tolerant

cultivars, which are difficult to develop when not available. To understand the mechanisms underlying the associated physiopathy better, and thus develop new strategies to overcome the problems resulting from iron deficiency, the differential gene expression induced by iron deficiency in the susceptible citrus rootstock Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. have been examined. The genes identified are putatively involved in cell Volasertib manufacturer wall modification, in determining photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content, and reducing oxidative stress. Additional studies on cell wall morphology, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll content, as well as peroxidase and catalase activities, support their possible functions in the response to iron deficiency in a susceptible

genotype, and the results are discussed.”
“The thermoelectric properties of Magneli phase titanium oxides Ti(n)O(2n-1) (n=2,3,…) have been investigated, paying special attention to how the thermoelectric performance can be altered by changing the microstructure. Dense polycrystalline specimens with nominal composition of TiO(2-x) (x=0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) prepared by conventional hot-pressing are all identified to be one of the Magneli phases, in which crystallographic shear planes are regularly introduced according to the oxygen deficiency. Electrical conduction is n-type for all specimens and the carrier concentration increases with the increase in the oxygen deficiency. The values of lattice thermal conductivity, on the other hand, decrease with the increase in the oxygen deficiency, which can be attributed to phonon scattering at the crystallographic shear plane.

The beta SBPs decreased A beta 40-induced pathological changes, m

The beta SBPs decreased A beta 40-induced pathological changes, memory impairment and A beta 40 expression in serum. The beta SBP15-22 distinctively decreased the total errors on day 14. The present

results show that octapeptide beta SBPs corrected A beta 40-induced memory impairment, and support investigation of beta SBPs as a promising treatment of diseases characterized by neurodegeneration and memory impairment such as Alzheimer’s disease.”
“PURPOSE: To compare functional reading acuity and speed with 2 models of accommodating intraocular lenses (IOLs).

SETTING: Four of 12 investigative sites in a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clinical study.

METHODS: In this Selleckchem Sapanisertib observational study, which was part of an ongoing FDA clinical trial, the MNRead functional reading test was used to compare the reading performance of patients with bilateral Tetraflex IOLs (Group 1) and a consecutive series of patients with bilateral Crystalens IOLs (Group 2) presenting at approximately 1 year postoperatively at 4 ophthalmic practices. The 2 groups were well matched for age, sex, mean postoperative time, and mean level of postoperative corrected distance visual acuity. All examinations were scored at a central reading center.

RESULTS: Group 1 comprised 96 patients selleck chemicals and Group 2, 55 patients. Patients in Group 1 read better than those in Group

2 at print sizes of 20/63 (P = .004), 20/50 (P = .002), 20/40 (P = .001), 20/32 (P = .003), and 20/25 (P = .001). A statistically significantly higher proportion of patients in Group 1 than in Group 2 read 80 words per minute or more throughout the range of print sizes (P = .002).

CONCLUSION: Near reading ability was better with the Tetraflex accommodating IOL than with the Crystalens accommodating IOL at all print sizes between

20/25 and 20/63.”
“Microdomains and various one-dimensional (1D)- and two-dimensional (2D)-microdomain arrays were Kinase Inhibitor Library solubility dmso formed under dc-voltages applied to the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) in ferroelectric Sr(x)Ba(1-x)Nb(2)O(6) crystals. Detailed studies of the characteristics of the AFM-recording and decay kinetics of the written arrays have shown that the crucial factors of the stability of a domain array are its dimensionality and discreteness (described by a distance Delta between the recorded point domains forming the array). The dependence of the stability on the discreteness of domain ensembles is analyzed. With decreasing Delta, the decay times of the domain ensembles increases. The stability of 2D arrays (domain squares, complex-shaped arrays composed of the domain ensembles of opposite polarity) by orders of magnitude exceeds that of 1D-arrays (domain chains and lines) provided all factors of recording being the same. As an illustration, the decay time of individual (spatially separated) domains and quasicontinuous domain lines are tens of minutes and about 20 h, respectively, whereas a quasicontionuous domain square persists within at least ten days.

0) compared with 3-fold for JSY alone; OR 3 2 (95% CI: 1 8, 5 6)

0) compared with 3-fold for JSY alone; OR 3.2 (95% CI: 1.8, 5.6).

Conclusions Both demand and supply side strategies are effective and promote equity. Improving service delivery in a population previously primed

by demand side intervention appears to be the most useful.”
“This review addresses and summarizes the key issues and unique specific intensive care treatment of adult patients from the trauma surgery perspective.

The cornerstones of successful this website surgical intensive care management are fluid resuscitation, transfusion protocol and extracorporeal organ replacement therapies. The injury-type specific complications and unique pathophysiologic regulatory mechanisms of the traumatized patients influencing the critical care treatment

are discussed.

Furthermore, the fundamental knowledge of the injury severity, understanding of the trauma mechanism, surgical treatment strategies and specific techniques of surgical intensive care are pointed out as essentials for a successful intensive care therapy.”
“Background/Aims. The aim was to evaluate the level of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin 18 (IL-18) and retinol binding protein (RBP) in children with primary hypertension and no features of hypertensive nephropathy. Methods. The selleck products study group consisted of 19 children (15 males) aged 14.8 +/- 2.18 years with primary hypertension. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) were within the normal range. Mean blood pressure (BP) was 141/79 mmHg (mean systolic BP percentile was 98, mean diastolic BP percentile was 80). Ambulatory BP measurement (ABPM), blood and urine biochemical measurements and features of end organ damage were assessed. The control group consisted of 20 healthy children. Results. Hypertensive children showed significantly increased serum and urine NGAL concentration vs controls. Urine RBP was significantly higher in the study group vs controls. A positive correlation was found between urine NGAL and the index of mean systolic

BP measured in ABPM, between urine IL-18 and the index of office diastolic BP, between serum NGAL and ACR, and between urine NGAL concentration and serum HDL. SIS 3 Conclusion. In children with primary hypertension, increased serum and urine NGAL may reflect kidney injury earlier than typical markers of hypertensive nephropathy.”
“Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) effectively reduces body weight (BW) in obese rats and humans. However, post-surgical weight regain is frequently observed in subjects after VSG, but the underlying reasons remain poorly understood. We therefore investigated if post-surgical consumption of different diets can affect the outcome of VSG.

VSG or sham operation was performed in Long-Evans rats with diet-induced obesity (n = 37). After post-surgical recovery, rats were fed ad libitum either with standard chow (CH), high-fat (HF) or low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diets.

In the event-free group CRP demonstrated a peak on the 4th day af

In the event-free group CRP demonstrated a peak on the 4th day after the onset (average 13.7 mg/dl), then gradually decreased to an average of 4.6 mg/dl 4 weeks later, displaying a “”gradual decay”" pattern. Despite controlled systolic arterial pressure of approximately

120 mmHg, 7 of 68 Stanford A cases (10.3 %) and 8 of 172 Stanford B cases (4.7 %) developed cardiovascular events. The group characterized by events exhibited a CRP pattern distinct from that of the event-free group, i. e., prolonged elevation and/or re-elevation. We demonstrated that the CRP pattern could provide information regarding prediction of cardiovascular events. Prolonged elevation or re-elevation of CRP may indicate the necessity of (1) application of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, selleck inhibitor (2) more rigorous blood pressure management, or (3) early surgical intervention.”
“Hypothesis: Whether a prototype direct-drive hearing device (DHD) is effective in driving the tympanic membrane (TM) in a temporal bone specimen to enable it to potentially treat moderate-to-severe hearing loss.

Background: Patient satisfaction with air conduction hearing aids has been low because of sound distortion, occlusion effect, and feedback issues. Implantable hearing aids provide a higher quality sound but require surgery for placement.

The DHD was designed NF-��B inhibitor to combine the ability of driving the ossicular chain with placement in the external auditory canal.

Methods: DHD is a 3.5-mm wide device that could

fit entirely into the bony ear canal and directly drive the TM rather than use a speaker. A cadaveric temporal bone was prepared. The device developed in our laboratory was coupled to the external surface of the TM and against the malleus. Frequency sweeps between 300 Hz to 12 kHz were performed in 2 different coupling methods at 104 and 120 dB, and the DHD was driven with various levels of current. Displacements of the posterior crus of the stapes were measured using a laser Doppler click here vibrometer.

Results: The DHD showed a linear frequency response from 300 Hz to 12 kHz. Placement against the malleus showed higher amplitudes and lower power requirements than when the device was placed on the TM.

Conclusion: DHD is a small completely-in-the-canal device that mechanically drives the TM. This novel device has a frequency output wider than most air conduction devices. Findings of the current study demonstrated that the DHD had the potential of being incorporated into a hearing aid in the future.”
“Background and Objectives An erythroid cell-specific regulatory element, referred to as the +58-kb site, had been identified in the first intron of the human ABO blood group gene. Subsequent studies revealed that either a 58-kb deletion including the +58-kb site or disruption of a GATA factor binding motif at the site was present in all B-m and AB(m) individuals examined.

A total of 10,259 adolescent students aged 11-19 years were selec

A total of 10,259 adolescent students aged 11-19 years were selected by stratified random sampling for proportional representation of districts, schools and grades in Southern Taiwan, and completed

the questionnaires. The body weight, body height, experience of substance use and sociodemographic characteristics including sex, age, residential background and paternal/maternal educational levels were collected. The association between substance use and BMI, and the moderating effects of sociodemographic characteristics were examined. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, BMI was higher for adolescents who smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol than for those who do not regularly smoke or drink. Chewing betel nuts and using illicit drugs were not significantly mTOR inhibitor associated with BMI. Paternal education level had a moderating effect Screening Library on the association between smoking and BMI. Smoking, alcohol drinking, and low paternal education level were associated with higher BMI among adolescents. Thus, healthcare professionals should pay more attention to the weight-related problems among these adolescents.”
“Effective management of procedural and postoperative pain in neonates is required to minimize acute physiological and behavioral

distress and may also improve acute and long-term outcomes. Painful stimuli activate nociceptive pathways, from the periphery to the cortex, in neonates and behavioral responses form the basis for validated pain assessment tools. However, there is an increasing awareness of the need to not only reduce acute behavioral responses to pain in neonates, but also to AG-881 Metabolism inhibitor protect the developing nervous system from persistent sensitization of pain pathways and potential damaging effects of altered neural activity on central nervous system development. Analgesic requirements are influenced by age-related changes in both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response, and increasing data are available to guide safe and effective dosing

with opioids and paracetamol. Regional analgesic techniques provide effective perioperative analgesia, but higher complication rates in neonates emphasize the importance of monitoring and choice of the most appropriate drug and dose. There have been significant improvements in the understanding and management of neonatal pain, but additional research evidence will further reduce the need to extrapolate data from older age groups. Translation into improved clinical care will continue to depend on an integrated approach to implementation that encompasses assessment and titration against individual response, education and training, and audit and feedback.”
“Seventy-four of the 2651 patients (2.8%) with influenza aged < 18 years had signs or symptoms of central nervous system dysfunction presenting to the hospital.

All rights reserved “
“The present work aims to study the ef

All rights reserved.”
“The present work aims to study the effects of the blood-microstructure on the electrical conduction from

two different but correlated properties: Electrical and mechanical (viscosity), and to derive useful parameters for the evaluation of electrical conduction as a function of the blood viscosity. ac-conductivity and dielectric constant of normal and diabetic blood are measured in the frequency range 10 kHz-1 MHz at the room temperature. An empirical relation relating the resistivity and viscosity of the blood has been presented. The results show that a microfluidic device is a viable and simple solution for determination of electrical and rheological behaviors of blood samples. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3458908]“
“Objective: Wnt inhibitor To assess the accuracy of a fully

automated portable device (APD) buy ML323 for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease (PAD) by measuring the toe-brachial index (TBI) and using mercury-in-silastic, strain-gauge plethysmography (SGP) as reference.

Design: Prospective, randomised, double-blinded diagnostic accuracy study.

Materials and methods: A total of 204 consecutive patients with known or suspected PAD were randomly assigned to measurement of TBI by the portable device followed by the SGP technique or the opposite sequence. Finally, ankle-brachial index (ABI) was assessed by SGP.

Results: The APD showed a sensitivity of 98.8%, a specificity of 61.0%, a positive predictive value of 91.0% and a negative predictive value of 92.6% for detecting PAD compared to a full SGP test comprised of ABI and TBI. According to the SGP test, 35 patients (17.2%) had an ABI > 0.90 but a TBI < 0.70. Correlation analysis of the absolute toe pressures click here by the two methods showed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.937 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.887-0.962) for right toe pressures and 0.939 (95% CI 0.908-0.958) for the left toe pressures.

Conclusions: The APD showed excellent diagnostic test characteristics for detecting PAD compared to SGP.

Furthermore, the APD had a good correlation in absolute toe pressures with SGP. (c) 2012 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We present an analysis of the results of in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of bacteria using a microfluidic chip capable of continuously sorting and concentrating bacteria via three-dimensional dielectrophoresis (DEP). Microchannels were made by sandwiching DEP microelectrodes between two glass slides. Avoiding the use of a metal nanoparticle suspension, a roughened metal surface is integrated into the DEP-based microfluidic chip for on-chip SERS detection of bacteria. On the upper surface of the slide, a roughened metal shelter was settled in front of the DEP concentrator to enhance Raman scattering. Similarly, an electrode-patterned bottom layer fabricated on a thin cover-slip was used to reduce fluorescence noise from the glass substrate.

(C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc J Appl Polym Sci 123: 463-471, 2

(C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 463-471, 2012″
“In this study we investigated if peroxisome

proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta activation protects from copper-induced acute liver damage. Mice treated with copper had significant body weight loss, serum alanine aminotransferase increase, modest changes in liver histology, increase of tumor necrosis factor alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 mRNA and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine. Mice treated with copper and peroxisome proliferator-activated buy CA4P receptor beta/delta agonist GW0742 had significantly less body weight loss, less serum alanine aminotransferase increase, less tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine upregulation than copper treated mice. The opposite effect was observed in mice treated with copper and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta antagonist G5K0660. In vitro, copper induced reactive oxygen species, which was lower in cells treated with GW0742 or transfected with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta expression vector; together, transfection and GW0742 had an additive reactive oxygen species-reducing effect. Copper also upregulated Fas

ligand and Caspase 3/7 activity, effects that were significantly Kinase Inhibitor Library lower in cells also treated with GW0742. In conclusion, peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor beta/delta activation reduced copper-induced reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory and acute phase reaction cytokines in mice liver. Peroxisome proliferator-activated SB273005 receptor beta/delta agonists could become useful in the management of copper-induced liver damage.”
“This report seeks to describe the clinical efficacy and safety of infliximab in a patient with psoriatic arthritis on hemodialysis and to review the literature on the topic. We present a patient with psoriatic arthritis on hemodialysis treated with infliximab and we review the literature. Our case includes a patient with severe psoriasis and dactylitis with

chronic renal failure requiring regular hemodialysis. At presentation the patient had a psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score of 35.1 and dactylitis affecting the right thumb. Evaluation of laboratory parameters revealed a slight increase of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (21 mm/h) and a mild normocytic anemia (Hct 36.4). The rest of the laboratory and imaging tests were within normal limits. Infliximab was initiated at the loading dose of 5 mg/kg body weight at weeks 0, 2, 6, and every 8 weeks thereafter. On retreatment at week 14 the PASI score was measured to 3.4. After the conclusion of 6 months of treatment, the reduction of PASI score was sustained reaching the point of 0.8. In addition, dactylitis, as well as laboratory parameters, showed a striking improvement.

The treatment with an antibiotic that is contraindicated does not

The treatment with an antibiotic that is contraindicated does not justify termination of pregnancy. However, ultimately no medicine, including antibiotics, can be described as absolutely safe.”
“Flavonols, betacyanins content and antioxidant activity of red-purple cactus Opuntia macrorhiza fruits, a promising cactus pear species, were evaluated in comparison ACY-1215 mouse to the well known cactus pear fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica. Flavonol profile was evaluated by HPLC-DAD prior to and after enzymatic hydrolysis (glycosides vs. aglycons). In addition betacyanins,

responsible for the purple to red color of cactus pear fruits were also estimated and compared to Beta vulgaris ssp. (roots) and red O. ficus-indica fruits. In all cases, cactus fruit pulps showed no flavonols at all. While different derivatives of isorhamnetin glycosides were found in O. ficus-indica fruit’s peel, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside was the only compound in O. macrorhiza fruit. Correspondingly, antioxidant activity assays showed a high antioxidant activity of both, O. macrorhiza

fruit’s peel and pulp. With regard to betacyanins, O. macrorhiza fruit’s peel and pulp provide a deep red-purple color, whose average impact is higher compared to red beet (B. vulgaris spp.) and about 8-fold higher than red fruits from O. ficus-indica. Supporting these results, estimation of color attributes (L*, a*, b*, C and H degrees) showed also a high color impact of both O. macrorhiza fruit’s peel and pulp. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“After inhalation of infectious particles, Cryptococcus 4EGI-1 cell line neoformans selleck chemicals llc resides

in the alveolar spaces, where it can survive and replicate in the extracellular environment. This yeast has developed different mechanisms to avoid internalization by phagocytic cells, the main one being a polysaccharide capsule around the cell body, which inhibits the uptake of the yeast by macrophages. In addition, capsule-independent mechanisms have also been described, such as the production of antiphagocytic proteins. Despite these mechanisms, phagocytosis can occur in the presence of opsonins, and once C. neoformans is internalized, multiple outcomes are possible, including pathogen killing or intracellular replication and escape from macrophages. For this reason, C. neoformans is considered a facultative intracellular pathogen. As alveolar macrophages are the first component of the host immune system to confront C. neoformans, the outcome of this interaction could determine the degree of infection, producing either a severe disseminated disease or a latency state. In this review, we will tackle the complexity of the interaction between C. neoformans and macrophages, including the phagocytic avoidance mechanisms and all the possible outcomes that have been described for this interaction. Finally, we will discuss the consequences of the different outcomes for the type of infection produced in the host.

By better understanding

these sources of hesitancy, we ca

By better understanding

these sources of hesitancy, we can focus research efforts towards addressing them in an attempt to improve HPV vaccine uptake.”
“Failure to thrive in childhood is a state Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor of undernutrition due to inadequate caloric intake, inadequate caloric absorption, or excessive caloric expenditure. In the United States, it is seen in 5 to 10 percent of children in primary care settings. Although failure to thrive is often defined as a weight for age that falls below the 5th percentile on multiple occasions or weight deceleration that crosses two major percentile lines on a growth chart, use of any single indicator has a low positive predictive value. Most cases of failure to thrive involve inadequate caloric intake caused by behavioral or psychosocial issues. The most important part of the outpatient evaluation is obtaining an accurate account of a child’s eating habits and caloric intake. Routine laboratory testing rarely identifies a cause and is not generally recommended. Reasons to hospitalize a child for further evaluation include failure of outpatient management, suspicion of abuse or neglect, or severe psychosocial impairment of the caregiver. A multidisciplinary

approach to treatment, including home nursing visits and nutritional counseling, MEK inhibitor has been shown to improve weight gain, parent-child relationships, and cognitive development. The long-term effects of failure to thrive on cognitive development and future academic performance are unclear. (Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(7):829-834. Copyright (C) 2011 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“Purpose of review

The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) trial is the most important trial of surgery and stents

in patients with severe coronary artery disease (CAD) and reflects real clinical practice. This review describes its key findings at 3 years with Selleckchem BI-6727 particular reference to what is already known on this topic.

Recent findings

Taking together the SYNTAX randomized trial and its registry component, almost 79% of patients with three-vessel CAD and almost two-thirds of patients with left main stem (LMS) disease have a survival benefit and marked reduction in the need for repeat revascularization with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in comparison to stents, implying that CABG is still the treatment of choice for most of these patients. This conclusion, at odds with results of previous trials of stenting and surgery but consistent with findings of large propensity-matched registries, can be explained by the fact that SYNTAX enrolled ‘real life’ patients rather than the highly select patients in previous trials.

Data on survival and relapse were collected and used for uni-

Data on survival and relapse were collected and used for uni-

and multivariate analysis.

Results:

Between 1988 and 2006, we identified 59 patients with a past history of IDU. The mean age at transplantation was 42.4 yr and the majority of patients were men (84.7%). The indication for LT was for the vast majority viral cirrhosis accounting for 91.5% of cases, while alcoholic cirrhosis was 5.1%. There were 16.9% of patients who had a substitution therapy before and 6.8% who continued after LT. Two patients (3.4%) relapsed into IDU after β-Nicotinamide LT and died at 18 and 41 months. The mean follow-up was 51 months. Overall survival was 84%, 66%, and 61% at 1, 5, and 10 yr after transplantation.

Conclusions:

Documented IDU was rare in liver transplanted patients. Past IDU was not associated with poorer survival after LT, and relapse check details after LT occurred in 3.4%.”
“Background: Chromosomes have territories, or preferred locales, in the cell nucleus. When these sites are taken into account, some large-scale structure of the human genome emerges.

Results: The synoptic picture is that genes highly expressed in particular topologically compact tissues are not randomly distributed on the genome. Rather, such tissue-specific genes tend to map somatotopically onto the complete chromosome set. They seem to form a “”genome homunculus”": a multi-dimensional, genome-wide body representation extending across

chromosome territories of the entire spermcell nucleus. The antero-posterior axis of the body significantly corresponds to the head-tail axis of the nucleus, and the dorso-ventral body axis to the central-peripheral nucleus axis.

Conclusions: This large-scale genomic structure includes thousands of genes. One rationale for a homuncular genome structure would be to minimize connection costs in genetic networks. Somatotopic maps in cerebral cortex have been reported for over a century.”
“Human movements show several prominent features; movement duration is nearly independent Selleck Staurosporine of movement size (the isochrony principle), instantaneous

speed depends on movement curvature (captured by the 2/3 power law), and complex movements are composed of simpler elements (movement compositionality). No existing theory can successfully account for all of these features, and the nature of the underlying motion primitives is still unknown. Also unknown is how the brain selects movement duration. Here we present a new theory of movement timing based on geometrical invariance. We propose that movement duration and compositionality arise from cooperation among Euclidian, equi-affine and full affine geometries. Each geometry posses a canonical measure of distance along curves, an invariant arc-length parameter. We suggest that for continuous movements, the actual movement duration reflects a particular tensorial mixture of these canonical parameters.