(C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All fights reserved.”
“Aryl-2,4-dichloro-5-formylimidazoles by a successive treatment with hydroxylamine and thionyl chloride were converted into 1-aryl-2,4-dichloroimidazole-5-carbonitriles which by the action of sodium azide and tin(II) chloride were transformed into 2-amino-1-aryl-4-chloroimidazole-5-carbonitriles.

The consecutive reactions selleck inhibitor of 2-azido-1-aryl-4-chloro-5-formylimidazoles with N-bromosuccinimide, methanol, or amides led to the formation of methyl esters and amides of 2-azido-1-aryl-4-chloroimidazole-5-carboxylic acids. The reduction of the latter with tin(II) chloride resulted in the corresponding derivatives of 2-amino-1-aryl-4-chloroimidazole-5-carboxylic acids, and the reduction of 2-azido-1-aryl-4-chloroimidazole-5-carboxylic BMS-754807 acids was accompanied with decarboxylation and yielded 2-amino-1-aryl-4-chloroimidazoles.”
“Glutathione

S-transferase (GST) inhibition-directed fractionations on the ethanolic extract of Artocarpus nobilis of Sri Lankan origin yielded four known triterpenoids, cyclolaudenyl acetate (1), lupeol acetate (2), beta-amyrine acetate (3), and zizphursolic acid (4), along with five known flavonoids, artonins E (5), artobiloxanthone (6) artoindonesianin U (7), cyclocommunol (8) and multiflorins A (9). Our recent chemical studies on the methanolic extract of Matricaria chamomilla, collected from Manitoba, afforded one new compound, matriisobenzofuran (10), and six known natural products, fraxidin (11), scopoletin (12), apigenin (13), apigenin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (14), palmatoside A (15)

and p-hydroxyacetophenone (16). Compounds 1-16 were identified with the aid of extensive NMR AS1842856 and MS spectral data. Compounds 1-16 exhibited a wide range of GST inhibition activity. Compounds 5-9 exhibited significant anti-oxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Compounds 10 and 11 were also moderately active in anti-leishmanial assay. (C) 2010 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“This article presents a reconstruction of the development of the ombrotrophic Gazwa peatland based on a high-resolution macrofossil analysis and AMS dating. Successional changes in the plant assemblages dominated by Sphagnum were influenced mainly by climate changes. Local fires occurred in the peatland, but did not have a substantial impact on the Sphagnum succession. The disappearance of the first stage of the ombrotrophic peatland, which was dominated by Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum angustifolium, resulted from a decrease in the water level that was also recorded at a number of sites in Europe in approximately 3750 BC. The development of Sphagnum fuscum/rubellum assemblages in approximately 350 BC corresponds with a climate cooling that resulted from low solar activity. The re-appearance of Sphagnum magellanicum in approximately AD 1650 corresponds with the Maunder Minimum of the Little Ice Age.

Delineating the cellular signaling networks modulated by these vGPCRs will be crucial for treatment of virus-associated pathologies. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Ten to 30% of HIV-1 infected subjects develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) during chronic infection. We hypothesized that immunizing rabbits with viral envelope glycoproteins (Envs) from ABT-263 manufacturer these patients may induce bNAbs, when formulated as a trimeric protein and in the presence of an adjuvant.\n\nMethods:

Based on in vitro neutralizing activity in serum, patients with bNAbs were selected for cloning of their HIV-1 Env. Seven stable soluble trimeric gp140 proteins were generated from sequences derived from four adults and two children infected with either clade A or B HIV-1. From one of the clade A Envs both the monomeric and trimeric Env were produced for comparison. Rabbits were immunized with soluble gp120 or trimeric gp140 proteins Volasertib Cell Cycle inhibitor in combination with the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium/trehalose dibehenate (CAF01). Env binding in rabbit immune serum was determined using ELISAs based on gp120-IIIB protein. Neutralizing activity of IgG purified from rabbit immune sera was measured with the pseudovirus-TZMbl assay and a PBMC-based neutralization assay for selected experiments.\n\nResults: It was initially established that gp140 trimers induce better antibody

responses over gp120 monomers and that the adjuvant CAF01 was necessary for such strong responses. Gp140 trimers, based on HIV-1 variants from patients with bNAbs, were able to elicit both gp120(IIIB) specific IgG and NAbs to Tier 1 viruses of different subtypes. Potency of NAbs closely correlated with titers, and an gp120-binding IgG titer above a threshold of 100,000 was predictive of neutralization selleck kinase inhibitor capability. Finally, peptide inhibition experiments showed that a large fraction of the neutralizing IgG was directed against the gp120 V3 region.\n\nConclusions: Our results indicate that the strategy of reverse immunology based on selected Env sequences

is promising when immunogens are delivered as stabilized trimers in CAF01 adjuvant and that the rabbit is a valuable model for HIV vaccine studies.”
“Background: Domain antibodies (dAbs; similar to 10-15 kDa) are made up of the variable heavy chain or the variable light chain of the antibody structure, and retain binding capability, dAbs have proved difficult to detect in plasma using immunoassay without specific antibodies raised against the dAb. Results: A sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method for the absolute quantification of a dAb in monkey plasma was developed (range: 1 to 500 ng/ml) without the need for a specific capture antibody. This method was used to analyze pharmacokinetic studies early on in drug development. Furthermore, an immunoassay was developed and the pharmacokinetic samples were reanalyzed.

For PCR, DNA extracted from water samples was tested for presence of V. cholerae and genes coding for selected

virulence factors. Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 was routinely isolated by culture from all three lakes; whereas V. cholerae O1 and O139 were not. Water samples collected during the summer months from Lisi Lake and Kumisi Lake were positive for both V. cholerae and V. selleck cholerae ctxA, tcpA, zot, ompU and toxR by PCR. Water samples collected during the same period from both Lisi and Kumisi Lake were also positive for V. cholerae serogroup O1 by DFA. All of the samples were negative for V. cholerae serotype O139. The results of this study provide evidence for an environmental presence of toxigenic V. cholerae O1, which may represent a potential source of illness Nutlin-3 chemical structure as these lakes serve as recreational water in Tbilisi, Georgia.”
“Background: Physical activity (PA) plays an important role in the prevention and management of a number of chronic conditions. Aim: to investigate the evidence for effectiveness of pedometer-driven walking programs to promote physical activity among patients with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Method: A comprehensive

systematic review was performed using 11 electronic databases up to 20 February 2014. Keywords and MeSH terms included “musculoskeletal disorders”, “walking”, and “pedometer”. Randomized controlled trials, published in English, that examined the effects of a pedometer-based walking intervention to increase Selleckchem Milciclib physical activity levels and improve physical function and pain in patients with musculoskeletal disorders were included. Result: Of the 1996 articles retrieved, seven studies ranging in date of publication from 1998 to 2013 met the inclusion criteria, allowing data extraction on 484 participants with an age range of 40 to 82 years. Interventions lasted from 4 weeks to 12 months and the results across studies showed significant increases in step count (p smaller than 0.05) following the intervention. Across these studies,

there was a mean increase in PA of 1950 steps per day relative to baseline. Four studies reported improved scores for pain and/or physical function at the intervention completion point relative to controls. Conclusion: This study provides strong evidence for the effectiveness of pedometer walking interventions in increasing PA levels for patients with MSDs. Our findings suggest that a combination of interventions is likely to be the most effective strategy to maximize health benefits in the short term. Further research should include larger sample sizes, and longer intervention durations are required to support the role of pedometer walking interventions as a long term intervention for management of musculoskeletal disorders.”
“Objectives.

A minority of practitioners relied solely on the published ACR classification criteria for the diagnosis of FM. We also report gender bias with regard to disease classification, because rheurnatologists were

more likely to require a physical finding to support a diagnostic conclusion in male patients. (Gend Med. 2010;7:19-27) (C) 2010 Excerpta Medica Inc.”
“Mitochondrial alterations are critically involved in increased vulnerability to disease during aging. We investigated the contribution of mitochondria-sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) communication in cardiomyocyte functional alterations during aging. Heart function (echocardiography) and ATP/phosphocreatine DAPT cell line (NMR spectroscopy) were preserved in hearts from old mice (420 months) with respect to young mice (5-6 months). Mitochondrial membrane Akt inhibitor potential and resting O-2 consumption were similar in mitochondria from young and old hearts. However, maximal ADP-stimulated O-2 consumption was specifically reduced in interfibrillar mitochondria from aged hearts. Second generation proteomics disclosed an

increased mitochondrial protein oxidation in advanced age. Because energy production and oxidative status are regulated by mitochondrial Ca2+, we investigated the effect of age on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Although no age-dependent differences were found in Ca2+ uptake kinetics in isolated mitochondria, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake secondary to SR Ca2+ release was significantly reduced in cardiomyocytes from old hearts, and this effect was associated with decreased NAD(P)H regeneration and increased mitochondrial ROS upon increased contractile activity. Immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assay identified the defective communication between mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel and SR ryanodine receptor (RyR) in cardiomyocytes from aged hearts associated

with altered Ca2+ handling. Age-dependent alterations in SR Ca2+ transfer to mitochondria and in Ca2+ Adriamycin chemical structure handling could be reproduced in cardiomyoctes from young hearts after interorganelle disruption with colchicine, at concentrations that had no effect in aged cardiomyocytes or isolated mitochondria. Thus, defective SR-mitochondria communication underlies inefficient interorganelle Ca2+ exchange that contributes to energy demand/supply mistmach and oxidative stress in the aged heart.”
“The dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and its regulation by Rho GTPases are essential to maintain cell shape, to allow cell motility and are also critical during cell cycle progression and mitosis. Rho GTPases and their effectors are involved in cell rounding at mitosis onset, in chromosomes alignment and are required for contraction of the actomyosin ring that separates daughter cells at the end of mitosis. Recent studies have revealed how a number of nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins regulate the activity of Rho GTPases during these processes.

Current areas of needed obstetric anesthesia research include improved obese patient care, the impact of anticoagulation on neuraxial techniques in pregnancy, long-term neurocognitive effects of neonatal exposure to anesthesia and postoperative pain management.”
“Galectin-3 (gal-3) is involved in the metastatic

cascade and interacts with the cancer-associated carbohydrate, Thomsen-Freidenreich (TF) antigen during early stages of metastatic adhesion and tumor formation. Our laboratory previously utilized bacteriophage display to select a peptide, G3-C12, with high specificity and affinity for gal-3 that was able to inhibit cancer cell adhesion. We hypothesized that G3-C12 would inhibit TF/gal-3 and gal-3/gal-3 interactions in vitro and in vivo and would Selleck Screening Library moderate early steps of the metastatic cascade leading to reduced carcinogensis in vivo. To test BIX-01294 this, adhesion of multiple breast carcinoma cell lines to purified gal-3 and a TF-mimic was measured in the

presence/absence of G3-C12 resulting in an average reduction of cellular adhesion by 50 and 59 %, respectively. Sensitive optical imaging experiments were utilized to monitor the fate of intravenously injected MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells expressing luciferase into athymic nude mice in the presence/absence of G3-C12 in vivo. Intravenous administration of G3-C12 reduced lung colonization of MDA-MB-231-luciferase cells within mice by 72 % when compared to saline, whereas, control peptide treatments resulted in no significant reduction this website of colonization. Histologic examination of excised lung tissue, at day 70, revealed that mice treated with G3-C12 possessed 4.63 +/- A 3.07 tumors compared to 14.13 +/- A 3.56 tumors within mice treated with saline. Also, within both saline and control peptide treatment groups, 37 % of mouse lungs contained tumor thrombi, compared to 0 % within the G3-C12 treatment group. This study demonstrated that G3-C12 significantly reduced metastatic cell deposition and consequent outgrowth within vasculature of mice.”
“Statistically significant differences in the structure

and function of above-ground grapevine-associated microorganisms from organically and conventionally managed vineyards were found. Aureobasidium pullulans, a copper-detoxifying fungus and biocontrol agent, plays a key role in explaining these differences. The black fungus was strongly enriched in the communities of organically managed plants and yielded a higher indigenous antiphytopathogenic potential.”
“Chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Besides being part of the plant developmental program the CHS gene expression is induced in plants under stress conditions such as UV light, bacterial or fungal infection. CHS expression causes accumulation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid phytoalexins and is involved in the salicylic acid defense pathway.

First, we cloned the 2.8 kb RPE65 promoter from the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. Sequence analysis revealed several conserved regulatory elements described previously in mouse and human RPE65 promoters. Second, having previously established an I-SceI-mediated transgenic protocol for the newt, we used it GNS-1480 ic50 here to examine the -657 bp proximal promoter of RPE65. The promoter assay used with F0 transgenic newts confirmed transgene expression of mCherry fluorescent protein

in the RPE. Using bioinformatic tools and the TRANSFAC database, we identified a 340 bp CpG island located between -635 and -296 bp in the promoter; this region contains response elements for the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor known as MITF (CACGTG, CATGTG), and E-boxes (CANNTG).

Sex-determining region box 9 (or SOX9) response element previously reported in the regulation of RPE genes (including RPE65) was also identified in the newt RPE65 promoter. Third, we identified DNA motif boxes in the newt RPE65 promoter that are conserved among other vertebrates. The newt RPE65 promoter is an invaluable tool for site-specific delivery of exogenous genes or genetic manipulation systems for the study of retinal regeneration in this animal.”
“Fang S, Crews AL, Chen W, Park J, Yin Q, Ren X-R, Adler KB. MARCKS and HSP70 interactions regulate mucin secretion by human airway epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304: L511-L518, 2013. First published February 1, 2013; doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2012.-Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) protein has been NCT-501 order recognized as a key regulatory molecule controlling mucin secretion by airway epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. We recently showed that two intracellular chaperones, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and cysteine string protein (CSP), associate with MARCKS in the secretory mechanism. Barasertib cost To elucidate more fully MARCKS-HSP70 interactions in this process, studies were performed in well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells maintained in air-liquid interface culture utilizing specific pharmacological

inhibition of HSP70 with pyrimidinone MAL3-101 and siRNA approaches. The results indicate that HSP70 interaction with MARCKS is enhanced after exposure of the cells to the protein kinase C activator/mucin secretagogue, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Pretreatment of NHBEs with MAL3-101 attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner PMA-stimulated mucin secretion and interactions among HSP70, MARCKS, and CSP. In additional studies, trafficking of MARCKS in living NHBE cells was investigated after transfecting cells with fluorescently tagged DNA constructs: MARCKS-yellow fluorescent protein, and/or HSP70-cyan fluorescent protein. Cells were treated with PMA 48 h posttransfection, and trafficking of the constructs was examined by confocal microscopy.

Thus, the model may serve to investigate the pathophysiology of thrombolysis-induced hemorrhage in thromboembolic ischemia as well as potential adjunctive therapies to prevent this complication. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Specific proteins in biological fluids can be captured on an immunoaffinity membrane after polyclonal anti-porcine liver esterase antibodies are separated by non-denaturing 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and transferred onto the membrane. The enzymatic activities of these captured proteins can then be monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).\n\nMethods: Polyclonal anti-porcine liver esterase antibody was separated by non-denaturing 2-DE,

transferred onto a polyvinylidene Dorsomorphin solubility dmso difluoride ERK inhibitors library membrane and stained with Ponceau S. Esterase activity was examined by enzyme activity staining and MALDI-TOF MS after antigens, including purified carboxylesterase from porcine liver and cytosolic esterase from porcine retina, were captured on the immunoaffinity membrane.\n\nResults: Esterase activity was detected on the immunoaffinity membrane after the enzyme was captured. Phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by the esterase was monitored after the esterase was captured onto the membrane and attached to the target plate for MALDI-TOF MS.\n\nConclusions: This method could be used to analyze changes in enzymatic activity under biological conditions such as health and disease conditions using immunoaffinity membranes and MALDI-TOF MS. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Central obesity and sub-clinical inflammation increase metabolic risk, this study examined the intracellular inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue

(AT) that contribute to this risk.\n\nDesign and Methods: This study therefore addressed the influence of NF kappa B and JNK activation in human abdominal subcutaneous (AbdSc) and omental (Om) AT, the effect of adiposity, T2DM status and the role of TNF alpha see more in vitro, using molecular biology techniques.\n\nResults: Our data showed NF kappa B activity is increased in Om AT versus AbdSc AT (P<0.01), which was reversed with respect to depot specific activation of JNK (P<0.01). However, T2DM status appeared to preferentially activate NF kappa B (P<0.001) over JNK. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed recombinant human (rh) TNF alpha treated AbdSc adipocytes increased NF kappa B activity over time (2-48 h, P<0.05) whilst JNK activity reduced (2 h, 4 h, P<0.05); inhibitor studies supported a preferential role for NF kappa B as a modulator of TNF alpha secretion.\n\nConclusions: These studies suggest distinct changes in NF kappa B and JNK activation, dependent upon AT depot, adiposity and T2DM status, with in vitro use of rh TNF alpha leading to activation of NF kappa B.

2, 95% CI 1.2 to 9), an IDU (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.4) and male (HR 4.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 14.6) were Selleck EPZ5676 associated.\n\nConclusion: Having TB in the past is a risk factor for developing TB. Social policies must be implemented in populations at risk of recurrence, especially in immigrants and IDUs.”
“Introduction: A Weil osteotomy with internal fixation can match the preoperative plan by precisely setting the metatarsal length; however 10 to 30% of patients end up experiencing postoperative stiffness. A percutaneous distal metatarsal mini-invasive osteotomy (DMMO) is a purely extra-articular technique; metatarsal length

is set automatically upon weight bearing of the foot. The goal of this study was to compare these two osteotomy techniques when performed on the three or four most lateral metatarsals.\n\nHypothesis: A DMMO will result in better joint motion than a Weil osteotomy.\n\nPatients and methods: This was a retrospective, single center, single surgeon study with 72 patients. Group 1 consisted of 39 patients operated by the DMMO technique. Group 2 consisted of 33 patients operated by the standard Weil osteotomy technique. In some cases, a Crenolanib in vitro procedure on the first ray (Scarf or fusion) was also performed. The age, gender and procedures on the first ray were comparable for both groups. Patients were evaluated with clinical (AOFAS score) and radiological outcomes

(Maestro criteria) at 3 and 12 months minimum follow-up.\n\nResults: Sixty-seven patients were seen again with an average follow-up of 14.8 months

(range 12-24). The postoperative AOFAS score was comparable in both groups (86.5 and 85.3, respectively). The joint range of motion was comparable in both groups. Static problems (oedema, metatarsalgia, hyperkeratosis and dislocation) were comparable at the last follow-up. The metatarsalgia recurred in four patients from group 1 and five patients from group 2. After 3 months, oedema and metatarsalgia were significantly greater in group 1. Radiological measurements (M1P1 angle, M1M2 angle and Maestro criteria) were comparable. Metatarsal head recoil was identical between each ray in group 1. At the last follow-up, PRT062607 manufacturer all the osteotomy sites had achieved union.\n\nDiscussion and conclusion. – The results of static metatarsalgia treatment were comparable when using a DMMO or Well osteotomy. However the DMMO had longer postoperative recovery, notably because of oedema. The percutaneous DMMO technique did not improve joint range of motion.\n\nLevel of evidence. – III, comparative retrospective study. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Neural epidermal growth factor-like protein-like 2 (NELL2) is a secreted glycoprotein that is predominantly expressed in the nervous system, but little is known about the intracellular movement and secretion mechanism of this protein.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare related samples. Ingenuity pathway analysis

was used to evaluate potential Barasertib functional significance of differentially expressed miRNAs. Statistical analysis showed that 3 of 19 miRNAs differed in relation to pathologic response i.e. good versus poor. These differences failed to reach statistical significance, although a trend was observed (p = 0.06). Among these miRNAs, we identified-miR-200b-3p, miR-190a and miR-512-5p. In summary, our results indicate that higher miR-200b-3p, higher miR-190a and lower miR-512-5p expression levels in core biopsies sampled from TNBC patients may be associated with better pathologic response to chemotherapy and the increased feasibility of breast conserving surgery in these patients. Although these results were from a small cohort, they provide an important basis for larger, prospective, multicenter studies to investigate the potential role of miRNAs in neoadjuvant setting.”
“Little

information is available on the lives and experiences of black physicians who practiced in the South during the Jim Crow era of legalized segregation. In Mississippi and elsewhere, it is a story of disenfranchised professionals who risked life, limb, and personal success to improve the lot of those they served. In this second article on this topic, we present Akt inhibitor the stories of some of the physicians who were leaders in the civil rights movement in Mississippi as examples. Because the health disparities they sought to address have, not of their own making, been passed on to the next generation of physicians, the lessons learned from their experience are worthy of consideration. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The Napabucasin clinical trial bacterial cell wall is a mesh polymer of peptidoglycan linear glycan strands cross-linked by flexible peptides that determines cell shape and provides physical protection. While the glycan strands in thin Gram-negative’ peptidoglycan are known to run circumferentially around

the cell, the architecture of the thicker Gram-positive’ form remains unclear. Using electron cryotomography, here we show that Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan is a uniformly dense layer with a textured surface. We further show it rips circumferentially, curls and thickens at free edges, and extends longitudinally when denatured. Molecular dynamics simulations show that only atomic models based on the circumferential topology recapitulate the observed curling and thickening, in support of an inside-to-outside’ assembly process. We conclude that instead of being perpendicular to the cell surface or wrapped in coiled cables (two alternative models), the glycan strands in Gram-positive cell walls run circumferentially around the cell just as they do in Gram-negative cells.

Estimation of observed and expected gene diversity provided evidence for population bottlenecks in the history of not less than 31% of all sampled populations. Reconstruction of the historical land use showed that patch area decline in populations that went through a recent bottleneck was significantly larger than that in populations that showed no evidence of a bottleneck. Assignment analyses showed low migration rates, suggesting Panobinostat price that replenishment of lost alleles through gene flow is highly unlikely. Overall, our results indicate that in the absence of gene flow strong decreases in calcareous grassland area may have

long-lasting effects on genetic diversity of plant populations and may hamper the success of restoration projects that simply aim at restoring initial habitat conditions or enlarging population fragments, as indicated by the fact that none of the recently restored areas has been occupied by C. acaule.”
“Based

on density functional theory and the Newns-Anderson model we present a detailed study of how an inclusion of higher order moments of the density of states can explain observed fine structure variations in oxygen bonding at metal surfaces. The many and sometimes closely coupled parameters that define the band-structure and its position are shown to force the very late transition metals to change shape abruptly. This induces variations in bond-strengths, which are not captured by the simple but successful d-band Fludarabine research buy model. We demonstrate that these variations Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor can be recaptured

by a slight modification of the descriptor.”
“The incidence of hybridization between coastal cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) varies widely among populations. The breakdown of reproductive isolation is of concern to managers, and raises the question: how have the two species retained their genetic and morphological divergence? Using a combination of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA markers coupled with watershed attribute and disturbance data, we determined the distribution and frequency of trout hybridization on Vancouver Island, BC and the environmental factors associated with the hybridization. We found 284 hybrids (among 1004 fish) in 29 of 36 sampled populations. High variation in levels of hybridization was observed among populations, and no single environmental factor was found to dominate in determining hybridization levels. However, logging activity, urban infrastructure development, and stocking of hatchery rainbow trout played significant roles in determining hybridization levels, and populations in small watersheds are more at risk of reproductive barrier breakdown. This study illustrates that cutthroat-rainbow trout reproductive barrier breakdown is widespread on Vancouver Island and that anthropogenic disturbance plays a role in the process.