The aim of the present study was to determine the role of Ro-3306 autophagy, the cellular process of recycling damaged biomolecules, in endothelial dysfunction with ageing. In older humans, expression of autophagy markers in arterial endothelial cells was impaired by similar to 50% (P < 0.05) and was associated with an similar to 30% (P < 0.05) reduction in arterial endothelium-dependent dilatation (EDD). Similarly, in C57BL/6 control mice ageing was associated with an similar to 40% decrease (P < 0.05) in arterial markers of autophagy and an similar to 25% reduction (P < 0.05) in EDD. In both humans and mice, impaired EDD was mediated

by reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and was associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation (P < 0.05). In old mice, treatment with the autophagy-enhancing agent trehalose restored expression of autophagy markers, selleck rescued NO-mediated EDD by 123 reducing oxidative stress, and normalized inflammatory cytokine expression. In cultured endothelial cells, inhibition of autophagy increased oxidative stress and reduced NO production, whereas trehalose enhanced NO production via an autophagy-dependent mechanism. These results provide the first evidence that autophagy is impaired

with ageing in vascular tissues. Our findings also suggest that autophagy preserves arterial endothelial function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and increasing NO bioavailability. Autophagy-enhancing strategies may therefore have therapeutic efficacy for ameliorating age-associated arterial dysfunction and preventing CVD.”
“Objective: To identify,

appraise and synthesise the results of systematic reviews of the literature (SRLs) that examines the effectiveness of interventions to increase advance directive (AD) completion rate.\n\nMethods: Narrative review of the literature an overview of SRLs focused on interventions to improve patients’ AD completion rate.\n\nResults: Seven SRLs were located. A wide selleck products range of interventions was identified in order to determine their influence on the AD completion rate.\n\nConclusion: The most effective method of increasing the use of ADs is the combination of informative material and repeated conversations over clinical visits. The use of passive informative material in isolation does not significantly increase AD completion rates. However, when interactive informative interventions are employed, the AD completion rate increases and the majority of the studies identify multiple sessions as the most effective method for direct interaction between patients and health care professionals.\n\nPractice implications: The progressive ageing of the population and the provision of quality care during the process of ageing and dying, have given rise to the Governments’ interest in developing moral autonomy and regulating tools as ADs. In order to put legislation into practice it is necessary to set up successful interventions to expand ADs use.

Conclusion: More

than material factors, psychosocial factors, mastery and self-efficacy in particular, explained a large part of the educational differences in physical and mental functioning in older people. Further research is recommended to explore the amenability to change of characteristics that hamper people from taking control over their lives.”
“Traditionally, IBD diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and histological criteria. Biomarkers are needed in cases of uncertain diagnosis, or to predict disease course and therapeutic response. No guideline recommends the detection of antibodies (including ASCA and ANCA) for diagnosis or prognosis find more of IBD to date. However, many recent data suggest the potential role of new serological markers (3 anti-glycan (ACCA, ALCA, AMCA, anti-L and anti-C), anti-GP2 and anti-GM-CSF Ab). This review focuses on clinical utility of these new serological markers in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring of IBD. Literature review of anti-glycan, anti-GP2

and anti-GM-CSFAb and their impact on diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic response was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE up to June 2014. Anti-glycan, anti-GP2 and anti-GM-CSF Abate especially associated with CD and seem to be correlated with complicated Caspase inhibitor disease phenotypes even if results differ between studies. Although anti-glycan Ab and anti-GP2 Ab have low sensitivity in diagnosis of IBD, they could identify a small number of CD patients not detected by other tests such as ASCA. Anti-glycan Abs are associated with a progression to a more severe disease course and a higher risk for IBD-related surgery.

Anti-GP2 Ab could particularly contribute to better stratify cases of pouchitis. Anti-GM-CSF Ab seems to be correlated with disease activity and could help predict relapses. These new promising biomarkers could particularly be useful in stratification of patients according to disease GDC-0941 phenotype and risk of complications. They could be a valuable aid in prediction of disease course and therapeutic response but more prospective studies are needed. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Previous research evaluating the use of adjuvant endocrine therapy among postmenopausal breast cancer patients showed with 15-50% wide ranges of non-adherence rates. We evaluated this issue by analysing an unselected study group comprising of 325 postmenopausal women, diagnosed from 1997 to 2003 with hormonal receptor-positive invasive breast cancer. The different clinical situations that led to the discontinuation of adjuvant endocrine therapy were clearly defined and differentiated: non-adherence was not simply the act of stopping medication, but rather the manifestation of an intentional behaviour of the patient. Of the 287 patients who initiated endocrine therapy, 191 (66.6%) fully completed this treatment. Thirty-one patients (10.

For the polyelectrolyte PSS, higher iontophoretic flux was observed in cathodal Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library price iontophoresis compared to anodal iontophoresis. Both electroosmosis and electrophoresis affected iontophoretic fluxes of the macromolecules; the relative contributions of electroosmosis and electrophoresis were a function of molecular size and charge of the macromolecules. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“For self-3 assembly of the bacterial flagellum, most of the flagellar component proteins

synthesized in the cytoplasm are exported by the flagellar type III export apparatus to the growing, distal end. Flagellar protein export is highly organized and well controlled in every step of the flagellar assembly process. Flagellar-specific chaperones not only facilitate the export of their cognate proteins, as well as prevent their premature aggregation CYT387 molecular weight in the cytoplasm, but also play a role in fine-tuning flagellar gene expression to be coupled with the flagellar assembly process. FliT is a flagellar-specific chaperone responsible for the export of the. lament-capping protein FliD and for negative control of flagellar gene expression by binding to the FlhDC complex. Here we report the crystal structure of Salmonella FliT at 3.2-angstrom

resolution. The structural and biochemical analyses clearly reveal that the C-terminal segment of FliT regulates its interactions with the FlhDC complex, FliI ATPase, and FliJ (subunits of the export apparatus), and that its conformational change is responsible for the switch in its binding partners during flagellar protein export.”
“Background: The debate over nipple-sparing mastectomy continues to evolve. Over the past several years, it has become more widely accepted, especially in the setting of prophylactic mastectomy, but its role in the treatment of

breast cancer has only recently been reexamined.\n\nMethods: Two indications for the procedure are discussed: prophylactic, for the high-risk patient; and the more controversial topic, therapeutic nipple-sparing mastectomy, for the patient with breast cancer. A review of the literature suggests that certain breast cancers may be amenable to retaining the nipple if they meet specific oncologic criteria: tumor MI-503 in vivo size 3 cm or less, at least 2 cm from the nipple, not multicentric, and with clinically negative nodes. Moreover, newer technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging and preoperative mammotome biopsy may make the procedure even safer in this setting. Practical and technical aspects of the procedure are discussed, including patient selection.\n\nResults: The accumulating data from multiple series of nipple-sparing mastectomy show that properly screened patients have a low risk of local cancer recurrence, that recurrences occur rarely in the nipple, and that recurrences in the nipple can be managed by removing the nipple.

The relationship between prion propagation, generation EPZ5676 nmr of neurotoxic species and clinical onset has remained obscure. Prion incubation periods in experimental animals are known to vary inversely with expression level of cellular prion

protein. Here we demonstrate that prion propagation in brain proceeds via two distinct phases: a clinically silent exponential phase not rate-limited by prion protein concentration which rapidly reaches a maximal prion titre, followed by a distinct switch to a plateau phase. The latter determines time to clinical onset in a manner inversely proportional to prion protein concentration. These findings demonstrate an uncoupling of infectivity and toxicity. We suggest that prions themselves are not neurotoxic but catalyse the formation of such species from PrPC. Production of neurotoxic species is triggered when prion propagation saturates, leading to a switch from autocatalytic production of infectivity (phase 1) to a toxic

(phase 2) pathway.”
“To determine the apicultural value of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae) Stem Cell Compound Library and evaluate the Apis mellifera adansonii Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) activity on its pod and seed yields, the bee foraging and pollinating activities were studied in Ngaoundere. The experiment was carried out within the University of Ngaoundere Campus on 210 flowers differentiated in two lots, based on the protection/or not of plant inflorescences against insect visits. The bee’s seasonal rhythm of activity, its foraging behaviour on flowers, the fructification rate, the number and dry weight of seeds/pod, the percentage of normal seeds/pod, and the pod length were evaluated. Results show that A. m. adansonii foraged on plants throughout the whole blooming period. Worker bees intensively and preferably harvested nectar. The greatest mean number of workers foraging simultaneously was 500 per 1000 flowers. The mean foraging speed was 8.67 flowers/min. These findings

allow the classification of V. unguiculata as a highly nectariferous bee plant. The number and dry weight of seed/pod, the pod length and the percentage of normal seeds/pod from unprotected click here flowers were significantly higher than those of flowers protected from insects. The fructification rates were 62 and 48%, while the percentages of healthly seeds were 97.61 and 76.17%, respectively in unprotected and protected inflorescences. The installation of A. m. adansonii colonies close to V. unguiculata field could be recommended to 3 improve its pods and seeds production in the region.”
“The growing number of bacterial strains resistant to conventional antibiotics has become a serious medical problem in recent years. Marine sponges are a rich source of bioactive compounds, and many species can be useful for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. This study reports the in vitro screening of marine sponges in the search for novel substances against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

The stronger inhibitory effects of A0, B0, and C0 on 2 C9 can be ascribed to stronger electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in the binding sites of CAs/2 C9.”
“Bone marrow transplantation MLN8237 in vivo can provide an effective cell-based strategy to enhance bone repair. However, the fate of implanted cells and the extent of their contribution to bone osteoinduction remain uncertain. To define the fate of bone marrow-derived cells and their contribution in vivo, we used a bone-specific collagen I-promoter (2.3Col) driving

green fluorescent protein (GFP) (2.3ColGFP) within a lentiviral vector. Prior to in vivo cell fate determination, we verified a high efficiency of lentiviral transduction in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs), without altering the proliferation or differentiation potential of these cells. We showed that the

2.3ColGFP marker responded to endogenous transcriptional regulation signals. In a mouse SBE-β-CD in vitro ossicle model, we demonstrated that the 2.3ColGFP marker is able to specifically define human bone marrow-derived stem cells that enter the osteoblast lineage in vivo. In addition, cells labeled with 2.3ColGFP with the donor origin, directly make a major contribution to bone formation. Furthermore, we also demonstrated in a calvarial defect model that a mixture of human bone marrow-derived populations, have stronger bone regenerative potential than that of hBMSCs, and an optimal dose is required for bone regeneration by the mixed populations.”
“Chronic diseases are becoming increasingly important in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The current density and distribution of health workforce suggest that SSA cannot respond to the growing demand for chronic disease care, together with the Elacridar frequent infectious diseases. Innovative approaches are therefore needed to rapidly expand the health workforce. In this article, we discuss the evidences in support of nurse-led strategies for chronic disease

management in SSA, with a focus on hypertension and diabetes mellitus.”
“Surface-modified dicalcium phosphate anhydrous particles that were treated with an ion-rich solution and a silane-coupling agent were evaluated as fillers for resin composites. The physiochemical properties of these composites were characterized. The properties of the specimens as reinforcements, which were modified using various surface conditions and 30% and 50% filler to composite mass ratios (30% and 50%) were measured before and after they were immersed in water for 24 h. All groups were of the same strength and showed no significant changes after immersion. However, the groups showed a significant increase in the modulus after 24 h of immersion. The filler surfaces with nanocrystallites had the highest modulus, whereas the fillers treated with silanization had the lowest ion concentration in the solution and highest remineralization ability after immersion.

29). Previous antimicrobial therapy was an important risk factor for the isolation of MRS at both sites.”
“Novel biodegradable poly(carbonate-ether)s (PCEs) with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) Metabolism inhibitor at body temperature were synthesized by copolymerization of CO2 and ethylene oxide (EO) under double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst. The PCEs showed carbonate unit (CU) content of 1.042.4 mol % and molecular weight of 2.7247 kg/mol, which exhibited reversible thermoresponsive feature in deionized water with LCST in a broad window from 21.5 to 84.1 degrees C. The LCST was highly sensitive

to the CU content and the molecular weight of PCEs, and it showed a linear relation with CU content for PCEs with similar molecular weight. In particular, aqueous solution of PCE with a 26.0 AZD8186 mw mol % of CU showed an LCST around 36.1 degrees

C, which was very close to the body temperature. Interestingly, it was found that the phase transition behavior changed with PCE concentration. For PCE with Mn of 2.7 kg/mol and CU content of 30.0 mol %, the LCST increased from 21.5 to 36.7 degrees C when the PCE concentration changed from 10 to 1 g/L. Dynamic light scattering indicated that the phase transition was possibly due to a coil-to-globule transition. The thermoresponsive biodegradable PCE with LCST at body temperature is promising for biomedical applications, especially for in vivo applications. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part AMN-107 mouse A: Polym Chem, 2013″
“Background: Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) is the most common serious ophthalmic disease in preterm infants. Human milk may provide a protective effect for ROP; however, beneficial effects of human milk preclude

randomized trials. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis comparing early postnatal nutrition with ROP development.\n\nObjective: Evaluate relationship between early postnatal nutriture and ROP surgery.\n\nDesign/methods: Nutrition data was collected for inborn AGA infants, BW 700-1000g. ROP surgery was the primary outcome variable. A single pediatric ophthalmologist supervised examinations. All infants received triweekly IM vitamin A as chronic lung disease prophylaxis (Tyson: NEJM, 1999).\n\nResults: BW and gestational age were 867 +/- 85 g and 26.3 +/- 1.2 weeks (n=77, mean +/- 1SD). ROP surgery infants(n = 11) received more parenteral nutrition, 1648 mL, and less human milk, 13.8 mL/kg-day, and vitamin E, 1.4 mg/kg-day, during the second postnatal week. Human milk was a negative predictor for ROP surgery, odds ratio = 0.94. Both groups met vitamin A recommendations; however, 74% was administered via IM injections. Neither group met vitamin E recommendations.\n\nConclusions: Human milk feeding, parenteral nutrition volume and vitamin E intake were predictors for ROP surgery. IM vitamin A injections provided the majority of vitamin A; vitamin E administration was insufficient.

5 mm in diameter

during a 12-month period in 2 centers were monitored clinically and angiographically to determine the clinical status, restenosis rate, pattern of restenosis, and need for revascularization.\n\nThe series comprised 78 patients with 81 lesions, mean age, 62.6 +/- 15.2 yr; diabetes mellitus, 19.2%; and primary or rescue intervention, 20.6%. Target vessels were the left anterior descending coronary artery 12 (14.8%); left circumflex coronary artery 12 (14.8%); and right coronary artery, 57 (70.4%). The mean lesion length was 35.18 +/- 12.65 mm. The proximal reference diameter after percutaneous coronary intervention was 3.64 +/- 0.54 mm; the distal, 3.2 +/- 0.43 mm; and the mean, 3.42 +/- 0.44 mm. The mean stent length was 38.05 +/- 12.78 mm (range, 28-90 mm). The binary restenosis rate was 23% (15/64), with pattern IB in 2 cases, IC in 5, II in 7, and IV in 1. Revascularization was needed in 6 patients.\n\nIn signaling pathway treating long lesions of large vessels, we found that cobalt-chromium stents achieved a moderate rate of target-vessel restenosis and a low rate of repeat revascularization. The pattern of restenosis was focal in almost half of the cases, and, in most remaining cases, restenosis affected short segments of the vessel. (Tex Heart Inst J 2011;38(1):35-41)”
“Introduction: Robotic partial nephrectomy is an effective alternative to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.

The 3-arm and 4-arm transperitoneal robotic approaches are well described selleck products in the literature. However, a retroperitoneal robotic technique has yet to be fully described. AZD7762 molecular weight We report our technique and initial experience with robotic retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy with a novel 4-arm approach.\n\nMaterials and Methods: We reviewed our current experience

with the robotic retroperitoneal approach. Descriptive statistics on patient characteristics, operative parameters, and oncologic outcomes are reported.\n\nResults: A total of 67 robotic-assisted partial nephrectomies were performed by one surgeon between October 2009 and October 2010. The 4-arm retroperitoneal approach was used in 8 patients (12%) with no complications. Median tumor size was 2cm. All were posterior renal tumors, with 5 located in the upper pole. The median operative time, warm ischemia time, estimated blood loss, and length of stay were 202 minutes, 18 minutes, 100cc, and 2 clays, respectively. Pathology indicated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in 7 patients with negative margins.\n\nConclusion: The 4-arm robotic approach to retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy is safe, reproducible, and easily used. The fourth arm provides optimal traction on target tissues in key maneuvers and may decrease complications and positive margins secondary to impaired exposure.”
“Hyponatremia is the Most frequent electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients.

There was no damage

to the ureter and adjacent organs and wound infection in the three groups.\n\nConclusion: Our study showed that the complications after laparoscopic surgery signaling pathway were lower than in open surgery. We recommend laparoscopic surgery for upper ureteral stones >1 cm because of lower postoperative complications, shorter hospital stay, and shorter time to convalescence, and better cosmetic results.”
“Pediatric stroke is significantly less common than stroke in adults, but represents a major challenge to public health authorities. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify the total and annual number of children younger than 18 years with arterial ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack referred to the Children’s Hospital Zagreb, which is a major national centre specialised for the treatment and prevention of stroke in children. We reviewed the medical records of the Department of Neuropediatrics database at the Children’s Hospital Zagreb between 1998-2005 in order to provide demographic and clinical characteristics and neuroimaging findings in children with arterial ischaemic stroke. In the 7-year period, we identified a total of 124 children from different geographic

areas of Croatia AZD1208 with a confirmed diagnosis of transient ischaemic attack (N=77), and arterial ischaemic stroke (N=47). Perinatal and childhood arterial ischaemic stroke were equally represented (23 and 24 children, respectively). The selleck screening library average number of new cases identified each year was 18 cases (range: 12-21), seven arterial ischaemic stroke and 11 transient ischaemic attack cases. Male predominance was found in children with arterial ischaemic stroke with a

male : female ratio of 1 center dot 76 : 1, and was slightly higher in childhood arterial ischaemic stroke compared with perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke (2 : 1 and 1 center dot 56 : 1, respectively). In contrast, transient ischaemic attack was more frequently found in girls, and more likely identified in older children compared with younger children with arterial ischaemic stroke. Obtained data will contribute to better understanding of paediatric stroke in Croatia and will provide a base for the establishment of the national referral center and national pediatric stroke registry.”
“Previous findings of the Franconian Alcoholism Research Studies showed that both the CAGn of the androgen receptor (AR) and the promoter methylation of the hypothalamic peptide proopiomelanocortin (POMC) were associated with craving of male alcohol-dependent patients. Based on the strong interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), this study investigated the relationships between the CAGn repeat of the AR, POMC promoter methylation and craving of male alcohol-dependent patients. This analysis covers 84 male patients with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence (DSM-IV).

A revised ANXA5 ‘protective shield’ model is emphasized, where decreased coverage resulting of M2 carriage at placental villi could lead directly to the observed pathology and on the other hand through exposing of antiphospholipid antigenic determinants, to the development of antiphospholipid

antibodies (aPL). The aPL then can further disrupt the ANXA5 protective shield. Available and prospective evidence for this revised model is discussed. Conclusions are made about the diagnostic implications of M2 carriage and possible therapeutic strategies with anticoagulants, Blasticidin S in vivo proven successful in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) treatment. Lupus (2012) 21, 796-798.”
“The isolation of human embryonic stem cells (ESC) in 1998 has created the hope that stem cells will one day be used to regenerate tissues and organs, even though it is obvious that a DMXAA manufacturer number of hurdles will

need to be overcome for such therapies to become reality. The cloning of “Dolly” in 1997, more than 40 years after the first frogs were cloned, combined with the very fast progress made in our understanding of the molecular processes that govern the pluripotency of ESC has lead to the ability of scientists to recreate a pluripotent state in fibroblasts and other cells from mouse, rat and man, named induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). This feat makes it theoretically possible to create patient specific pluripotent stem cells whose differentiated JQ-EZ-05 research buy progeny could be used in an autologous manner obviating the need for immunesuppression that would be needed to use allogeneic

ESC-derived differentiated cells. In addition, the ability to generate custom made pluripotent stem cells will no doubt lead to the development of protein or small molecule drugs that can induce differentiation not only of iPSC or ESC to mature tissue cells, but also endogenous tissue stem cells. Moreover, it allows scientists to create models of human diseases and may aid the pharmaceutical industry in testing more rigorously toxicity of drugs for human differentiated cells. Thus, there is little doubt that progress in stein cell biology will change many aspects of medicine as we know it in the next one to two decades. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1(MEN1) is an autosomal dominant syndrome. Although thymic carcinoid tumor is recognized as a part of MEN1 syndrome but functioning thymic carcinoid tumor as the first presentation of the MEN1 seems to be very rare. In this report, we present a 29-year-old male who developed ectopic Cushing syndrome secondary to thymic carcinoid tumor and was diagnosed as MEN1 syndrome 2 years later. Further evaluation revealed the presence of carcinoid tumor and other MEN 1 manifestations in several other member of family.

We find that domains of five active zone proteins converge on an interaction node that centers on the N-terminal region of Munc13-1

and includes the zinc-finger domain of Rim1, the C-terminal region of Bassoon, a segment of CAST1/ELKS2, and the third coiled-coil domain (CC3) of either Aczonin/Piccolo or Bassoon. This multidomain complex may constitute a center for the physical and functional integration of the protein machinery at the active zone. An additional connection between find more Aczonin and Bassoon is mediated by the second coiled-coil domain of Aczonin. Recombinant Aczonin-CC3, expressed in cultured neurons as a green fluorescent protein fusion protein, is targeted to synapses and suppresses vesicle turnover, suggesting involvements in synaptic assembly as well as activity. Our findings show that Aczonin, Bassoon, CAST1, Munc13, and Rim are closely and multiply buy IWR-1-endo interconnected, they indicate that Aczonin-CC3 can actively participate in neurotransmitter vesicle dynamics, and they highlight the N-terminal region of Munc13-1 as a hub of protein interactions by adding three new binding partners to its mechanistic potential in the control of synaptic vesicle priming.”
“The short- and long-term

behavioral effects of cannabinoids differ in adolescent and adult rodents. Few studies though have examined the underlying neurochemical changes that occur in the brain following adolescent cannabinoid exposure. In this study, we examined the effect of treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid, HU210, on CB1 receptor density in the brain and on body weight in adolescent male rats. Rats were treated daily with 25, 50, or 100 mu g/kg HU210 for 4 or 14 days, or received a single dose of 100 mu g/kg HU210 and sacrificed 24 h later. Receptor, density NU7441 in vitro was investigated using in vitro autoradiography with the CB1 receptor ligand [(3)H] CP55,940. In contrast to adult animals

treated under the same paradigm in a previous study, adolescents continued on average, to gain weight over the course of the study. Weight gain was slowest in the 100 mu g/kg group and improved dose dependently with controls gaining the most weight. Following the acute dose of HU210, a trend for a reduction in [(3)H] CP55,940 binding and a significant effect of treatment was observed. Statistically significant, dose-dependent, region-specific decreases in binding were observed in all brain regions examined following 4 and 14 days treatment. The pattern of CB1 receptor downregulation was similar to that observed in adults treated with cannabinoids in previous studies; however, its magnitude was smaller in adolescents. This reduced compensatory response may contribute to some acute behavioral effects, the pharmacological cross-tolerance and the long-lasting, adverse psychological consequences of cannabinoid exposure during adolescence. Synapse 64:845-854, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.