The ex vivo experimental results from ARFI imaging showed that a tiny region of localized sclerosis in the cornea could be distinguished. All of the obtained results demonstrate that high-resolution ARFI imaging has considerable potential for the clinical diagnosis of corneal sclerosis.”
“Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), disproportionately affects Africa whereby the majority of new infections and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the leading cause of death in Africa and a major cause of maternal mortality. HIV/AIDS impacts on every aspect of reproductive health and presents considerable challenges to healthcare systems.

Fertility is particularly valued in Africa and voluntary childlessness is unusual. AIDS results in a reduction in both fecundity Compound C 2HCl and fertility, as

well as compromising the outcome of pregnancy. The stigma of childlessness is quite profound and impacts both social life and social standing within the community, particularly of the women who are affected. Unfortunately, treatment for infertility is often inadequate and, because of limited resources, is frequently denied to HIV-positive couples. Undoubtedly the challenges beta-catenin phosphorylation in dealing with the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa are enormous; however, appropriate solutions are available and these need to be Put in place. It is essential that the management of the HIV patient is holistic and takes all needs, including that of fertility, into account.”
“Intramural metastasis (IM) in gastric cancer is rare. However, it often occurs with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and has been reported to have a poor prognosis.

In 4,714 cases of gastric cancer that underwent gastrectomy, the clinicopathological features

and postoperative prognoses of 29 cases click here with IM were evaluated and compared with 2,770 cases of advanced gastric cancer without IM.

Of the 4,714 cases, 29 (0.6 %) were histopathologically diagnosed with gastric cancer with IM. There were significant differences in the number of lymph node metastases, capillary invasion, and stage grouping between cases with IM and advanced gastric cancer without IM. Metastasis size was approximately within 2 cm, and many metastases occurred within 2 cm of the primary lesion. Multiple metastases were observed in 38 % of cases and occurred mainly in the submucosa and muscularis propria. IM was detected preoperatively in 17.2 % of cases and was present equally on both sides of the primary lesion. Nine cases had IM outside the stomach. The median survival time with IM was significantly less than in cases of advanced gastric cancer without IM (p < 0.0001). A subgroup of cases with IM within 1 cm of the primary lesion had a relatively favorable prognosis.

The presence of IM is thought to be one of the most important prognostic factors in gastric cancer.

Preoperative TMJ sounds disappeared after BIVRO in 94.3% of joints, and most of the joints that were sound free preoperatively remained without TMJ sounds postoperatively (98.2%). However, 19 joints exhibited recurrence, and transient TMJ sounds were observed in 35 joints. Preoperative TMJ pain had improved in 97.9% of joints at I month postoperatively, and TMJ pain was not observed in an), joints

at 18 months after surgery. joints that AG-014699 inhibitor were pain free before Surgery remained Without pain, although there were 20 joints that exhibited transient TMJ pain. The mean mouth opening was 50.0 mm before Surgery, which decreased to 34.92 mm at 1 month postoperatively. This was followed by an increase to 44.44 mm to 48.75 mm at 6 months postoperatively, and thereafter mouth opening showed 94.72% to 97.5% recovery compared with the preoperative state.

Conclusions: BIVRO can be used as a method of choice for relieving undesirable TMJ symptoms such as Sound and pain, as well as for repositioning the condyle head to its physiologic position. Such favorable effects of BIVRO on the TMJ were

not remarkably affected with time. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons”
“Background: The high prevalence AZD4547 of overweight and obesity in military recruits and in the US population as a whole necessitates understanding the health effects of body composition and associated morbidity.

Objective: In this study, we examined the effect of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) Selleckchem BMN 673 and medical status on premature discharge from the US Army in a large cohort of first-time-enlisted, active-duty soldiers.

Design: We determined the odds ratios (ORs) associated with BMI and medical status at enlistment by using

a retrospective cohort of first-time, active-duty army recruits.

Results: ORs for BMI, calculated by using 24-24.9 as a reference, exhibited a U-shaped pattern. Soldiers with a BMI > 34 had the highest ORs for all-cause (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.32, 1.64) and medical (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.93) discharges. A BMI < 17 was 1.35 times as likely (95% CI: 1.02, 1.80) to result in an all-cause discharge and 1.45 times as likely (95% CI: 1.01, 2.08) to result in a medical discharge. ORs for soldiers who required a medical reexamination did not vary when all-cause discharge (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14) and medical discharge (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) were compared. The medical discharge OR for soldiers who required a medical waiver to enter the army (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.48, 1.64) was higher than the OR for all-cause discharge (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.32).

Conclusion: Enlistment BMI and medical qualification status play an important role in early discharge and may provide a valuable tool in the development of fitness, nutrition, and injury-prevention interventions in higher-risk groups. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:608-14.

2, 95% CI = 2.5-421.9), extended tears involving the uterine cervix (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 1.5-24.7), severe bleeding requiring packed cells transfusions (OR = 13.7, 95% CI = 3.2-58.5) and grand multiparity (>= 5 deliveries, OR = 11.4 95% CI = 2.7-47.1).

Conclusion: Hysterectomy is not common following uterine rupture. Independent risk factors for hysterectomy

include relaparotomy, extended tears involving the uterine cervix, severe bleeding requiring packed cells transfusions and grand multiparity. Trained obstetricians should be involved in cases of uterine rupture and the possibility for conducting hysterectomy MK-2206 order should be emphasized.”
“The process of blood vessel formation is accompanied by very minimal flow in the beginning, followed by increased flow rates once the vessel develops sufficiently. Many studies have been performed for endothelial cells at shear stress levels of 0.1-60 dyn/cm(2); however, little is known about the effect of extremely slow

flows (shear stress levels of 10(-4)-10(-2) dyn/cm(2)) that endothelial cells may experience during early blood vessel formation where flow-sensing by indirect mass transport sensing rather than through mechanoreceptor sensing mechanisms would become more important. Here, we show that extremely low flows enhance proliferation, adherens junction protein localization, and nitric oxide secretion of endothelial cells, but Ruboxistaurin concentration do not induce actin filament reorganization. The responses of endothelial cells in different flow microenvironments need more attention because increasing evidence shows that endothelial cell behaviors at the 4SC-202 price extremely slow flow regimes cannot be linearly extrapolated from observations at faster flow rates. The devices and methods described here provide a useful platform for such studies. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3576932]“
“Eoyukjang is a traditional Korean sauce made of cooked soypaste or meju supplemented with fish and meats at least I year of fermentation period. Eoyukjang was recovered according to the traditional

method and stored under the ground in a pot without plastic packaging (13G: 13 month fermentation under the ground) or in an incubator wrapped with plastic packaging (61, 121, and 181: 6, 12, and 18 month fermentation, respectively). Distribution of isoflavones and fatty acids were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Total isoflavones in 13G, 61, 121, and 181 were 3.792, 0.387, 0.460, and 0.510 mu mol/g, respectively. Samples of 13G had at least 8.24 times higher isoflavone contents than samples from 121. Aglycones were the major isoflavones in eoyukjang and were found more than 92% in 13G and 39-63% in incubated samples.

Methods: Serum-free cultures of marmoset (n=3) and human (young and peri-menopausal) ovarian cortical tissue pieces were established. Cortical tissue pieces stimulated with FSH (0.5 IU/ml) or bFGF (100 ng/ml) were collected on Day 3 for histological Panobinostat research buy and molecular studies. Gene transcripts specific for pluripotency (Oct-4A, Nanog), early germ cells (Oct-4, c-Kit, Vasa) and to reflect PF growth initiation (oocyte-specific Gdf-9 and Lhx8, and granulosa cells

specific Amh) were studied by q-RTPCR.

Results: A prominent proliferation of OSE (which harbors stem cells) and transition of PF to primary follicles was observed after FSH and bFGF treatment. Ovarian stem cells were found to be released on the culture inserts and retained the potential to spontaneously differentiate into oocyte-like structures in extended cultures. q-RTPCR analysis revealed an increased expression of gene transcripts specific for VSELs, OGSCs and early germ cells suggestive

of follicular transition.

Conclusion: The present study shows that both FSH and bFGF stimulate stem cells present in OSE and also lead to PF growth initiation. Thus besides being a source of PF, cryopreserved ovarian cortical tissue could also be a source of stem cells which retain the ability to spontaneously differentiate into oocyte-like structures in vitro. Results provide a paradigm shift in the basic understanding https://www.selleckchem.com/products/wh-4-023.html of FSH action and also offer a new perspective to the field of oncofertility research.”
“Hypernatremia and polyuria are the main symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Polyuria is characterized by a 24-h urine volume in excess of 40-50 ml/kg in adults. Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective, short-acting intravenous alpha-2 agonist, is used as a component of anesthesia, and has been suspected to induce polyuric syndrome. We report a patient who presented with severe hypernatremia and polyuria after intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine.”
“SETTING: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB, Fosbretabulin Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin)

has emerged as a serious global public health problem, especially in the former Soviet republics. The extent of the problem in Georgia has been incompletely defined.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for MDR-TB in Georgia.

DESIGN: A population-based study was carried out between July 2005 and May 2006.

RESULTS: Of 1314 patients with acid-fast bacilli smear-and culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), 799 (60.8%) were newly diagnosed patients and 515 (39.2%) had been treated previously. Overall, 733 (56%) patients had resistance to at least one anti-tuberculosis drug and 195 (15%) had MDR-TB. Patients who had been treated previously for TB were significantly more likely to have MDR-TB than newly diagnosed patients (141/515 [27.4%] vs. 54/794 [6.8%], OR 5.27, 95%CI 3.75-7.41).

“
“One-step synthesis of star copolymers by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) by using a novel dual initiator is reported. Triarm block copolymers comprising one polystyrene (or polyacrylamide) arm and two poly(beta-butyrolactone) arms were synthesized in one-step by simultaneous RAFT polymerization of styrene (St) (or acrylamide, designated as AAm) and ROP of beta-butyrolactone (BL) in the presence

of a novel trifunctional initiator, 1,2-propanediol ethyl xanthogenate (RAFT-ROP agent). This dual initiator was obtained through the reaction of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol with the potassium salt of ethyl xanthogenate. The principal parameters such as monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and polymerization time that affect the one-step polymerization reaction were evaluated. The characterization of the products was achieved using Fourier-transform Nutlin3 infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR), (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C-NMR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and fractional precipitation (7) techniques. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 1638-1645, 2010″
“Background: Pulmonary hypertension due to left

heart disease is very common. Our aim was to investigate the relationship of the severity of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension A-1331852 (PH) in an elderly heart failure (HF) population.

Methods and Results:

A post hoc analysis of the Trial of Intensified Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients With Congestive Heart Failure data was done. Baseline transthoracic echocardiography was used to categorize diastolic function, estimate pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and calculate the transpulmonary pressure gradient (TPG). Among 392 HF patients, PH was present in 31% of patients with grade 1, in 37% of patients with grade 2, and in 65% of patients with grade 3 diastolic dysfunction; 54% of all HF patients with PH had a TPG >12 mm Hg, suggesting not only a postcapillary but also an additional precapillary component of PH. Survival was Vorasidenib order not related to the severity of diastolic dysfunction, but was worse in patients with PH (hazard ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.51; P = .024).

Conclusions: Our data indicate that HF patients with even mild diastolic dysfunction often have PH. Echocardiographic assessment suggest that the presence of PH might not simply be due to increased PCWP, but in part due to a precapillary component.”
“Two designs of a microscale electron ionization (EI) source are analyzed herein: a 3-panel design and a 4-panel design. Devices were fabricated using microelectromechanical systems technology.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3531565]“
“Here we present the ascidian Ciona intestinalis

as an alternative invertebrate system to study Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Through the use of AD animal models, researchers often attempt to reproduce various aspects of the disease, particularly the coordinated processing of the amyloid precursor CP358774 protein (APP) by alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretases to generate amyloid beta (A beta)-containing plaques. Recently, Drosophila and C. elegans AD models have been developed, exploiting the relative simplicity of these invertebrate systems, but they lack a functional A beta sequence and a beta-secretase ortholog, thus complicating efforts to examine APP processing in vivo. We propose that the ascidian is a more appropriate invertebrate AD model owing to their phylogenetic relationship with humans. This is supported by bioinformatic analyses, which indicate that the ascidian genome contains orthologs of all AD-relevant click here genes. We report that transgenic ascidian larvae can

properly process human APP(695) to generate A beta peptides. Furthermore, A beta can rapidly aggregate to form amyloid-like plaques, and plaque deposition is significantly increased in larvae expressing a human APP(695) variant associated with familial Alzheimer’s disease. We also demonstrate that nervous system-specific A beta expression alters normal larval behavior during attachment. Importantly, plaque formation and alterations in behavior are not only observed within 24 hours post-fertilization, but anti-amyloid drug treatment improves these AD-like pathologies. This ascidian model for AD provides a powerful and rapid system to study APP processing, A beta plaque formation and behavioral alterations, and could aid in identifying factors that modulate amyloid deposition and the associated disruption of normal cellular function and behaviors.”
“The grafted copolymer (SBS-g-MBP) with different grafting ratio, synthesized by our laboratory,

was irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation with different time. The structure of SBS-g-MBP before and after UV exposure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and the results confirmed that the UV-cross-linked structure was formed. The gel fraction before and after UV exposure was discussed, SGC-CBP30 and the results indicated that the gel fraction increased with both exposure time and grafting ratio, and it also indicated the gel fraction was affected mainly by the exposure time. Further-more, the results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the mode of fracture surfaces transmitted gradually from tough fracture to brittle fracture. The differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analyzer indicated that the crosslinking has taken place in the polybutadiene block, and the thermal property was improved after UV exposure.

For the laser-driven oscillations studied, damping by the surrounding air is unimportant in the range of frequencies probed. Large-curvature response is expected to extend

to higher pulse frequencies for cantilevers with smaller dimensions. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. Bcl-2 apoptosis pathway [doi:10.1063/1.3658776]“
“In plant cells, many vacuolar proteins are synthesized as precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum and are subsequently transported to the vacuole. These precursors are subject to post-translational modifications to allow the active mature forms to be produced. Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) has been identified as a family of cysteine proteases involved in protein maturation in the vacuole. In this study, novel VPE genes were isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and they were designated SlVPE1-SlVPE5. OICR-9429 Phylogenic analysis suggested that SlVPE1 and SlVPE2 were categorized as the seed coat type, SlVPE4 was categorized as the seed type, and both SlVPE3 and SlVPE5 were categorized as the vegetative type. Expression analysis demonstrated

that these genes were expressed during fruit development, and that their expression profiles agreed with this classification. High VPE enzyme activity was observed during tomato fruit development; the enzyme activity was correlated with the SlVPE mRNA levels, indicating that the SlVPE encoded active VPE proteins. The total sugar content was higher in RNA interference (RNAi) lines compared with the control plants, suggesting negative roles for SlVPE in sugar accumulation. The quantitative expression analysis of each SlVPE gene in the RNAi lines suggested that the suppression of SlVPE5 probably had the strongest effect on the sugar accumulation observed. The suppression of SlVPE did not influence the total amino acid content, suggesting that the molecular

targets of SlVPE were mainly involved in sugar accumulation.”
“Background Work-up of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) often involves bone marrow (BM) examinations. We evaluated 23 transplant patients with PTLDs to investigate incidence of BM involvement and associated morphologic changes as well as prognosis. Methods We retrospectively assessed BM findings of 23 transplant patients with PTLDs who had undergone BM staging at Seoul Asan Geneticin Microbiology inhibitor Medical Center from 1994 to 2010. Results Four (17%) showed BM involvement of PTLDs, including two pathologically diagnosed with PTLD by liver and skin biopsy and two diagnosed by BM examination. PTLD subtypes in four patients were all monomorphic, with one each having plasma cell myeloma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, monomorphic B cell lineage, and monomorphic T-cell lineage. EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) in situ hybridization showed 11 of 23 (47.8%) patients were EBV positive, including two patients with BM involvement, one each with plasma cell myeloma and monomorphic T-cell lineage.

Methods: Two hundred and seventy-seven patients with single-level degenerative disc disease with up to graded spondylolisthesis were enrolled selleck screening library in two prospective, multicenter, U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved investigational device exemption studies and were treated with an open or a laparoscopic surgical procedure. The patients received recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on an absorbable collagen sponge with lumbar fusion cage implants. One hundred

and forty-six patients completed the six-year clinical follow-up evaluations, and 130 patients had complete radiographic follow-up at six years. Outcomes were determined with use of well-established clinical outcome measurements (Oswestry Disability Index, Short

Form-36, and back and leg pain scores) and radiographic assessments.

Results: At six years, 128 (98%) of the 130 patients treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and stand-alone fusion cages had a fusion. The second surgery rate was 6.7% (eighteen patients) prior to two years and 3.7% (seven patients) from two to six years. A worst-case scenario analysis, which includes all second surgical procedures due to pseudarthrosis, resulted in a fusion rate at seventy-two months of 91% (128 of 141). Significant improvements in the Oswestry Disability Index scores, Short Form-36 health survey physical component summary scores, and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pha-848125.html back and leg pain scores were achieved by six weeks in both the open and laparoscopic groups and were sustained at six years

(p < 0.001). The percentage of patients who were working at six months (63%) was higher than the percentage who had been working preoperatively (52%). and this improvement was sustained at six years (68%).

Conclusions: The use of dual tapered threaded fusion cages and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on an absorbable collagen sponge obtained and maintained intervertebral spinal fusion, improved clinical outcomes, and reduced pain after anterior lumbar interbody arthrodesis CCI-779 purchase in patients with degenerative lumbar disc disease.

Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.”
“Several populations of Achyrocline satureioides and Achyrocline flaccida from Argentina, two aromatic herbal species widely used in traditional medicine in South America and both known as marcela, were analyzed. The aims of this work were to evaluate the amounts of flavonoids that characterize these species in this country and provide a quantitative assay to be included in the monograph of marcela for future Argentine Pharmacopoeia editions. The extraction method and analysis by HPLC of the main flavonoids, quercetin and 3-O-methylquercetin, were optimized. The validation parameters of the method were determined. The analysis of the different parts of these plants was carried out thereafter. Inflorescences were the parts displaying the highest content of such flavonoids.

This article reviews the current status of sparganosis in mainland China. Increased public awareness about the risks associated with eating raw food and strengthened food safety measures are needed. (C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The extract of the nut of Tetracarpidium conophorum (TC), commonly known Torin 1 as African walnut, is widely used to relieve pain, increase sperm count, enhance sexual performance in males and as a nerve tonic in ethnomedicine. This study describes the psychopharmacological properties of the aqueous extract of the nut of TC in mice. The spectrum of activities studied were the effects of TC on the duration of immobility in the

forced swim test of the behavioural despair model

of depression; prolongation of the duration of sleep produced by thiopentone; amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour; and on pain episodes produced by acetic acid and by formalin. Orally administered TC (50-200 mg/kg) produced a significant and dose-related decrease Selleck PS-341 in the duration of immobility in the forced swim test in mice. TC also exhibited analgesic property, as shown by its ability to reduce the frequency of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid and to inhibit the nociceptive responses produced by formalin. However, at the tested oral doses of 50-200 mg/kg, TC did not prolong the duration of sleep produced by thiopentone nor alter the pattern of the stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine. This investigation provides evidence that may support the ethnomedicinal applications of the extract of the nut of TC in the treatment of pain. The study also revealed that TC seems to demonstrate antidepressant-like activity, as evidenced by its ability to shorten Oligomycin A order the period of immobility in

the forced swim test; however, further studies are necessary to clearly define the role of TC in depression.”
“Background: The results of the ante-and neonatal diagnostic tests for congenital toxoplasmosis influence the decision to treat the newborn immediately after birth. Here, we estimate the positive and negative likelihood ratios (LRs) and the probabilities of congenital infection according to PCR and IgM-IgA tests results.

Methods: The study concerned 767 children born between 1996 and 2002 and followed-up for 1-year at Croix-Rousse hospital, Lyon, France. The LRs and the post-test probabilities were estimated conditionally on gestational age at maternal infection using a logistic regression approach.

Results: For the PCR and the IgM-IgA tests, the positive LRs were high. In children with one positive test when only one test was done, the probability of infection reached 90% when the maternal infection occurred at 18-weeks gestation or later. This probability was close to 100% when the 2 tests were positive, whatever the gestational age. The negative LRs of the 2 tests moved closer to 0 at later gestational ages.

The preoperative model for end stage liver disease (MELD) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) scores appeared to be predictive of postoperative risks. Portal hypertension and surgery in the emergency setting were associated with extra increased mortality and morbidity rates.

Conclusion: This systematic review of the literature showed that in patients with liver

cirrhosis who undergo non-hepatic surgery, postoperative morbidity and mortality rates varied greatly depending on severity of the cirrhosis and the surgical procedure. However, the majority of procedures can be safely performed in patients with low MELD scores or CTP A cirrhosis without portal hypertension. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights Mocetinostat in vivo reserved.”
“gamma-Glutamyl transferases (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) are glutathione-degrading enzymes that are represented in Arabidopsis thaliana by a small gene family of four members. Two isoforms, GGT1

and GGT2, are apoplastic, sharing broad similarities in their amino acid sequences, but they are differently expressed in the tissues: GGT1 is expressed in roots, leaves, and siliques, while GGT2 was thought to be expressed only in siliques. It is demonstrated here that GGT2 is also expressed in wild-type roots, albeit in very IACS-10759 cell line small amounts. GGT2 expression is enhanced in ggt1 knockout mutants, suggesting a compensatory effect to restore GGT activity in the root apoplast.

Supplementation with 100 mu M glutathione (GSH) resulted in the up-regulation of GGT2 gene expression in wild-type and ggt1 knockout roots, and of GGT1 gene expression in wild-type roots. Glutathione recovery was hampered by the GGT inhibitor serine/borate, suggesting a major role for apoplastic GGTs in this process. These findings can explain the ability of ggt1 knockout mutants to retrieve exogenously added glutathione ASA-404 from the growth medium.”
“We report on a measurement of the characteristic temperature of an ultracold rubidium ion source, in which a cloud of laser-cooled atoms is converted to ions by photo-ionization. Extracted ion pulses are focused on a detector with a pulsed-field technique. The resulting experimental spot sizes are compared to particle-tracking simulations, from which an effective source temperature T-(3 +/- 2) mK and the corresponding transversal reduced emittance is an element of(r) -1.4 x 10(-8) m rad root eV are determined. Space charge effects that may affect the measurement are also discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3605555]“
“Infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. Risk factors relate to transplantation factors, donor and recipient factors.